ଅଧ୍ୟାୟ: Class9 EngGram Ch02 Ch02 Verbs

BSE ODISHA CLASS 9 • UTKAL MASTER STROKE

ବୋର୍ଡ ଅଫ୍ ସେକେଣ୍ଡାରୀ ଏଜୁକେସନ୍ (BSE Odisha) — ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅଧ୍ୟାୟ ମାଷ୍ଟର ନୋଟ୍ସ

ଶ୍ରେଣୀ: Class 9 | ବିଷୟ: English Grammer

୧. ଅଧ୍ୟାୟର ସାରାଂଶ ଓ ମାଇଣ୍ଡ ମ୍ୟାପ୍ (Mind Map & Conceptual Architecture)

ଏହି ଅଧ୍ୟାୟଟି English Grammar ର ଏକ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅଂଶ 'Verbs' ଉପରେ ଆଧାରିତ। ଏଥିରେ Verbs କ'ଣ, ସେମାନଙ୍କର ପ୍ରକାରଭେଦ ଏବଂ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଭୂମିକା ବିଷୟରେ ବିସ୍ତୃତ ଭାବରେ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରାଯାଇଛି।

ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ (Core Objectives):

Verbs କୁ ଚିହ୍ନିବା ଏବଂ ସେମାନଙ୍କର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବୁଝିବା।

Main Verbs (ମୁଖ୍ୟ କ୍ରିୟା) ଏବଂ Auxiliary Verbs (ସହାୟକ କ୍ରିୟା) ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟ କରିବା।

Primary Auxiliaries (be, have, do) ଏବଂ Modal Auxiliaries (will, shall, can, may ଇତ୍ୟାଦି) ବିଷୟରେ ଜାଣିବା।

Verb Groups (କ୍ରିୟା ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ) କିପରି ଗଠିତ ହୁଏ ତାହା ବୁଝିବା।

Subject-Verb Agreement (କର୍ତ୍ତା-କ୍ରିୟା ସମ୍ମତି) ର ମୂଳ ଧାରଣା ବୁଝିବା।

ଅଧ୍ୟାୟର ସାରାଂଶ (Deep Summary):

Verbs ହେଉଛି ସେହି ଶବ୍ଦ ଯାହା କୌଣସି ବ୍ୟକ୍ତି କ'ଣ କରେ (action), କ'ଣ ଘଟେ (happening) କିମ୍ବା କେଉଁ ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ଅଛି (state) ତାହା ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରେ। ଏହି ଅଧ୍ୟାୟରେ, ପ୍ରଥମେ "The Priceless Gift" ପାଠର ଏକ ଅଂଶରୁ Verbs ଚିହ୍ନଟ କରିବାକୁ କୁହାଯାଇଛି। ଏହାପରେ Verbs କୁ ଦୁଇଟି ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଭାଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରାଯାଇଛି: Main Verbs ଏବଂ Auxiliary Verbs।

Main Verbs (ମୁଖ୍ୟ କ୍ରିୟା): ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବାକ୍ୟର ମୁଖ୍ୟ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକୁ ସୂଚାନ୍ତି। ଯେତେବେଳେ ଗୋଟିଏ ଶବ୍ଦ କ୍ରିୟା ଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ, ତାହା ପ୍ରାୟତଃ Main Verb ହୋଇଥାଏ।

Auxiliary Verbs (ସହାୟକ କ୍ରିୟା): ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ Main Verb କୁ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ଏକାକୀ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ (କିଛି କ୍ଷେତ୍ରକୁ ଛାଡ଼ି)। Auxiliary Verbs କୁ ପୁନର୍ବାର ଦୁଇ ଭାଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରାଯାଇଛି:

Primary Auxiliaries: ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଉଛି 'be' (am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been), 'have' (has, have, had) ଏବଂ 'do' (does, do, did) ର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ରୂପ।

'be' verbs: ପ୍ରାୟତଃ -ing form (progressive aspect) କିମ୍ବା -en form (passive voice) ସହିତ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି।

'have' verbs: ପ୍ରାୟତଃ -en form (perfect aspect) ସହିତ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି।

'do' verbs: ନକାରାତ୍ମକ (negative) ଏବଂ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନବାଚକ (interrogative) ବାକ୍ୟ ଗଠନ ପାଇଁ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି।

Modal Auxiliaries: ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଉଛି shall, will, may, can, must, ought to, should, would, might, could, need, dare, used to ଇତ୍ୟାଦି। ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା (necessity), ବାଧ୍ୟତା (obligation), ପରାମର୍ଶ (advice), ଅନୁମତି (permission), ନିଶ୍ଚିତତା (certainty), ସମ୍ଭାବନା (possibility) ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ଭାବ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରନ୍ତି।

Verb Groups (କ୍ରିୟା ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ): ଯେତେବେଳେ ଏକ Main Verb ସହିତ ଏକ କିମ୍ବା ଅଧିକ Auxiliary Verbs ଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ Verb Group କୁହାଯାଏ। ଏକ Verb Group ରେ ଶେଷରେ ଥିବା Verb ଟି Main Verb ହୋଇଥାଏ ଏବଂ ତା' ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଥିବା Verbs ଗୁଡ଼ିକ Auxiliary Verbs ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତି। ଏକ Verb Group ରେ ତିନୋଟି ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ Auxiliary Verbs ରହିପାରେ।

Subject-Verb Agreement (କର୍ତ୍ତା-କ୍ରିୟା ସମ୍ମତି): ଅଧ୍ୟାୟର ଶେଷ ଭାଗରେ ଏହି ଧାରଣାକୁ ସଂକ୍ଷେପରେ ପରିଚିତ କରାଯାଇଛି। ଏହା କୁହେ ଯେ ବାକ୍ୟର କର୍ତ୍ତା (subject) ଅନୁଯାୟୀ କ୍ରିୟାର ରୂପ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ହୁଏ। ଉଦାହରଣ ସ୍ୱରୂପ, 'I' ସହିତ 'am', 'He/She' ସହିତ 'is', 'We/You/They' ସହିତ 'are' ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ।

Conceptual Architecture / Mind Map:

```

Verbs (କ୍ରିୟା)

├── Main Verbs (ମୁଖ୍ୟ କ୍ରିୟା)

│ ├── Action Verbs (କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସୂଚକ) - e.g., run, eat, write

│ └── State Verbs (ଅବସ୍ଥା ସୂଚକ) - e.g., is, seems, feels

│ (Can be single-word verbs)

│

└── Auxiliary Verbs (ସହାୟକ କ୍ରିୟା)

├── Primary Auxiliaries (ପ୍ରାଥମିକ ସହାୟକ)

│ ├── 'be' verbs (am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been)

│ │ └── Functions: Progressive (-ing), Passive (-en)

│ ├── 'have' verbs (has, have, had)

│ │ └── Functions: Perfect (-en)

│ └── 'do' verbs (does, do, did)

│ └── Functions: Negative, Interrogative

│

└── Modal Auxiliaries (ମୋଡାଲ ସହାୟକ)

└── List: shall, will, may, can, must, ought to, should, would, might, could, need, dare, used to

└── Functions: Necessity, Obligation, Advice, Permission, Certainty, Possibility

Verb Groups (କ୍ରିୟା ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ)

├── Definition: Main Verb + one or more Auxiliary Verbs

├── Structure: Auxiliaries (1-3) + Main Verb (last verb)

└── Examples: is reading, has written, could have been laughing, will have been cleaned

Subject-Verb Agreement (କର୍ତ୍ତା-କ୍ରିୟା ସମ୍ମତି)

└── Basic Rule: Verb form changes according to the subject (number and person)

└── Examples: I am, He is, They are, The cow eats, Cows eat

```

୨. ମୁଖ୍ୟ ବିଷୟବସ୍ତୁ, ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ଓ ଗାଣିତିକ ସୂତ୍ରାବଳୀ (Comprehensive Theory & Formulas)

Verbs (କ୍ରିୟା):

Verbs ହେଉଛି ସେହି ଶବ୍ଦ ଯାହା କୌଣସି ବାକ୍ୟରେ କର୍ତ୍ତା (subject) କ'ଣ କରେ (action), କେଉଁ ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ଅଛି (state) କିମ୍ବା କ'ଣ ଘଟେ (happening) ତାହା ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରେ। ଏହା ବାକ୍ୟର ଏକ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅଂଶ।

ଉଦାହରଣ:

I went to a vegetarian restaurant. (Action)

It was lunch time. (State)

The restaurant was very crowded. (State)

I saw that some of the chairs and tables had been pushed into a corner. (Action/Happening)

Sheela is a student. (State)

She is reading a book. (Action in progress)

Verbs ର ପ୍ରକାରଭେଦ (Types of Verbs):

Verbs କୁ ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ଦୁଇ ଭାଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରାଯାଇଛି:

୧. Main Verbs (ମୁଖ୍ୟ କ୍ରିୟା)

୨. Auxiliary Verbs (ସହାୟକ କ୍ରିୟା)

୧. Main Verbs (ମୁଖ୍ୟ କ୍ରିୟା):

ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ Lexical Verbs ମଧ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ। ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବାକ୍ୟର ମୁଖ୍ୟ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କିମ୍ବା ଅବସ୍ଥାକୁ ସୂଚାନ୍ତି। ଯେତେବେଳେ ଏକ ବାକ୍ୟରେ କେବଳ ଗୋଟିଏ କ୍ରିୟା ଥାଏ, ତାହା Main Verb ହୋଇଥାଏ।

ଉଦାହରଣ:

I went to a restaurant. (went - Main Verb)

Suvendu is strong. (is - Main Verb, here 'is' acts as a linking verb, showing state)

My brother has a bicycle. (has - Main Verb, showing possession)

I do my homework everyday. (do - Main Verb, showing action)

୨. Auxiliary Verbs (ସହାୟକ କ୍ରିୟା):

ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ Helping Verbs ମଧ୍ୟ କୁହାଯାଏ। ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ Main Verb କୁ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରି ବାକ୍ୟର ଅର୍ଥକୁ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ କରନ୍ତି, ଯେପରିକି tense, aspect, mood, voice ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ପ୍ରକାଶ କରିବାରେ। ଏକ Verb Group ରେ, Main Verb ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଆସୁଥିବା Verbs ଗୁଡ଼ିକ Auxiliary Verbs ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତି।

ଉଦାହରଣ:

They are playing football. (are - Auxiliary Verb, playing - Main Verb)

He can lift the box. (can - Auxiliary Verb, lift - Main Verb)

She is studying in our school. (is - Auxiliary Verb, studying - Main Verb)

Auxiliary Verbs କୁ ପୁନର୍ବାର ଦୁଇ ଭାଗରେ ବିଭକ୍ତ କରାଯାଇଛି:

୨.୧. Primary Auxiliaries (ପ୍ରାଥମିକ ସହାୟକ କ୍ରିୟା):

ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଉଛନ୍ତି 'be', 'have', ଏବଂ 'do' ର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ରୂପ। ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ Main Verb ଭାବରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇପାରନ୍ତି।

'be' verbs: am, is, are, was, were, be, being, been

ବ୍ୟବହାର:

Progressive Aspect (କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଚାଲୁଥିବା): 'be' verb ପରେ Main Verb ର -ing form ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ।

ଉଦାହରଣ: She is reading a book. (is - aux, reading - mv)

Passive Voice (କର୍ମବାଚ୍ୟ): 'be' verb ପରେ Main Verb ର -en form (past participle) ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ।

ଉଦାହରଣ: The essay is written. (is - aux, written - mv)

'have' verbs: has, have, had

ବ୍ୟବହାର:

Perfect Aspect (କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ସମାପ୍ତ ହୋଇଥିବା): 'have' verb ପରେ Main Verb ର -en form (past participle) ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ।

ଉଦାହରଣ: He has written the essay. (has - aux, written - mv)

'do' verbs: does, do, did

ବ୍ୟବହାର:

Negative Sentences (ନକାରାତ୍ମକ ବାକ୍ୟ): 'do' verb ପରେ 'not' ଏବଂ Main Verb ର base form ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ।

ଉଦାହରଣ: You do not do your homework regularly. (do - aux, do - mv)

Interrogative Sentences (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନବାଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ): 'do' verb ବାକ୍ୟର ଆରମ୍ଭରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ।

ଉଦାହରଣ: Do you do your homework? (Do - aux, do - mv)

୨.୨. Modal Auxiliaries (ମୋଡାଲ ସହାୟକ କ୍ରିୟା):

ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ Main Verb ର ଅର୍ଥରେ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାରର ଭାବ (mood) ଯୋଗ କରନ୍ତି, ଯେପରିକି ସମ୍ଭାବନା (possibility), ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା (necessity), ଅନୁମତି (permission), ବାଧ୍ୟତା (obligation), ପରାମର୍ଶ (advice), ନିଶ୍ଚିତତା (certainty) ଇତ୍ୟାଦି।

ତାଲିକା: shall, will, may, can, must, ought to, should, would, might, could, need, dare, used to.

ଉଦାହରଣ:

He may write the essay. (may - aux, write - mv) (Possibility)

He can lift the box. (can - aux, lift - mv) (Ability)

You must study hard. (must - aux, study - mv) (Obligation)

Verb Groups (କ୍ରିୟା ଗୋଷ୍ଠୀ):

ଯେତେବେଳେ ଏକ Main Verb ସହିତ ଏକ କିମ୍ବା ଅଧିକ Auxiliary Verbs ଥାଏ, ତାହାକୁ Verb Group କୁହାଯାଏ। ଏକ Verb Group ରେ, ଶେଷରେ ଥିବା Verb ଟି ସର୍ବଦା Main Verb ହୋଇଥାଏ ଏବଂ ତା' ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଥିବା ସମସ୍ତ Verbs Auxiliary Verbs ହୋଇଥାନ୍ତି।

ଉଦାହରଣ:

She is reading a book. (is - aux, reading - mv)

She could have been laughing at us. (could - aux, have - aux, been - aux, laughing - mv)

Our classroom will have been cleaned by tomorrow. (will - aux, have - aux, been - aux, cleaned - mv)

ଏକ Verb Group ରେ ତିନୋଟି ପର୍ଯ୍ୟନ୍ତ Auxiliary Verbs ରହିପାରେ।

Subject-Verb Agreement (କର୍ତ୍ତା-କ୍ରିୟା ସମ୍ମତି):

ଏହା ଏକ ମୌଳିକ ନିୟମ ଯାହା କୁହେ ଯେ ବାକ୍ୟର କର୍ତ୍ତା (subject) ର ବଚନ (number - singular/plural) ଏବଂ ପୁରୁଷ (person - first/second/third) ଅନୁଯାୟୀ କ୍ରିୟାର ରୂପ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ହୁଏ।

ଉଦାହରଣ:

Subject	Verb (be)	Verb (eat)
I	am	eat
We / You / They	are	eat
He / She / Mina	is	eats
The teacher	is	eats
The teacher and students	are	eat
The cow	eats
Cows	eat

ଏହି ନିୟମଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବାକ୍ୟ ଗଠନ ଏବଂ ବ୍ୟାକରଣଗତ ଶୁଦ୍ଧତା ପାଇଁ ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ।

୩. ପାଠ୍ୟପୁସ୍ତକ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନାବଳୀର ୧୦୦% ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସମାଧାନ (100% Complete Solved Exercises)

Activity - 1 :

Write ten sentences by taking one expression from each column of the following table ?

A	B	C
I / We / You / He / She / It / They	am / is	a student / students.
My sister / My sister and I	are	my school bag.

Solutions:

୧. I am a student.

୨. We are students.

୩. You are a student.

୪. He is a student.

୫. She is a student.

୬. It is my school bag.

୭. They are students.

୮. My sister is a student.

୯. My sister and I are students.

୧୦. My sister and I are in the classroom. (Using 'are' from B and extending C to make sense)

Activity 2:

Identify the auxiliary verbs and main verbs in the following dialogue? Circle the auxiliary verbs and underline the main verbs.

Dialogue Analysis:

Maggie came to say goodbye. She (was) dressed in black.

(was) - Auxiliary Verb

dressed - Main Verb

Meena - 'Are you leaving today?'

(Are) - Auxiliary Verb

leaving - Main Verb

Maggie - 'Yes, today (is) the day of my departure.' (Here 'is' is a main verb, linking verb)

(is) - Main Verb (linking verb)

departure - Noun (not a verb)

Meena - 'How long (will) it take to reach your country? Which part of the country (do) you live in ?'

(will) - Auxiliary Verb

take - Main Verb

(do) - Auxiliary Verb

live - Main Verb

Maggie - I (do) not know exactly where I (am) posted until I arrive there.

(do) - Auxiliary Verb

know - Main Verb

(am) - Auxiliary Verb

posted - Main Verb

arrive - Main Verb (single-word verb)

Activity 3:

Now, let's play a game. Look at the following sentences.

(A) He (may) write the essay.

(B) He (has) written the essay.

(D) The essay (is) written.

Underline the main verbs (mv) and circle the auxiliary verbs (aux.). What do you find ?

(A) = aux + mv

(B) = aux + mv -en

(D) = aux + mv -en

Now, you write sentences for the following combinations :

AB = He (may) (have) written the essay.

(may) - Auxiliary Verb

(have) - Auxiliary Verb

written - Main Verb

AC = He (may) (be) writing the essay.

(may) - Auxiliary Verb

(be) - Auxiliary Verb

writing - Main Verb

BC = He (has) (been) writing the essay.

(has) - Auxiliary Verb

(been) - Auxiliary Verb

writing - Main Verb

AD = The essay (may) (be) written.

(may) - Auxiliary Verb

(be) - Auxiliary Verb

written - Main Verb

BD = The essay (has) (been) written.

(has) - Auxiliary Verb

(been) - Auxiliary Verb

written - Main Verb

CD = The essay (is) (being) written.

(is) - Auxiliary Verb

(being) - Auxiliary Verb

written - Main Verb

Now, make the following combinations.

ABC = He (may) (have) (been) writing the essay.

(may) - Auxiliary Verb

(have) - Auxiliary Verb

(been) - Auxiliary Verb

writing - Main Verb

ABD = The essay (may) (have) (been) written.

(may) - Auxiliary Verb

(have) - Auxiliary Verb

(been) - Auxiliary Verb

written - Main Verb

Activity 4:

Anil, Bina and Chinu are three friends, but their lives are very different. Look at the chart and answer the questions using the correct auxiliary verb.

	Anil	Bina	Chinu
Run fast	✓	–	✓
Long hair	–	✓	–
Musical instrument	–	✓	–
Swim	✓	–	–
Born in a city	✓	✓	✓
Ride a bike	✓	–	–
Many friends	–	✓	✓

Example:

Who runs fast? Anil and Chinu run fast but Bina doesn't.

Solutions:

୧. Who's got long hair ? Bina has got long hair but Anil and Chinu haven't.

୨. Who plays a musical instrument ? Bina plays a musical instrument but Anil and Chinu don't.

୩. Who swims in the pond? Anil swims in the pond but Bina and Chinu don't.

୪. Who was born in a city? Anil, Bina and Chinu were born in a city.

୫. Who rides a bike? Anil rides a bike but Bina and Chinu don't.

୬. Who has many friends ? Bina and Chinu have many friends but Anil doesn't.

Activity 5:

Choose the correct alternatives given in brackets to fill in the blanks to complete the conversation. One has been done for you.

Solutions:

Sunil: I haven't seen Vivek all day. (have / haven't / hasn't)

Leena: I haven't either. I don't know where he is. (have / haven't / don't)

Sunil: Who left this note ?

Leena: Vivek must have (must have / may have). It's his handwriting.

Sunil: But he hasn't say where he's gone. (hasn't / don't / doesn't)

Leena: He would have if he'd wanted us to know where he had gone. (does go / has gone / was gone)

Correction based on common usage and context: "He would have if he'd wanted us to know where he was gone." or "He would have if he'd wanted us to know where he had gone." The textbook provides 'was gone' as an option, which is less common than 'had gone' for past perfect, but acceptable in some contexts. Let's stick to the provided options and choose the most fitting. 'was gone' implies a state of being gone, 'had gone' implies the action of going. Given the context, 'had gone' fits better for the completion of action.

Re-evaluating the options: 'does go' (present simple), 'has gone' (present perfect), 'was gone' (past state). Since the first part is 'He would have if he'd wanted', it implies a past conditional. 'has gone' or 'was gone' would fit. 'has gone' is more about the current state resulting from a past action. 'was gone' is a state in the past. Let's go with 'has gone' as it's a common perfect tense usage.

Final choice for Leena's first reply: He would have if he'd wanted us to know where he has gone. (This implies he went and is still there, or the action is relevant to the present).

However, looking at the provided solution for (B) in Activity 3, it's 'aux + mv -en' for 'has written'. So 'has gone' is the correct perfect form.

Sunil: Do you think he has gone to his grandpa's house? (was gone / was going / has gone)

Leena: He might have. Who knows?

Sunil: Do you think he'll telephone ? (Are / Have / Do)

Leena: He might. I'm not sure.

Sunil: Has he taken his bicycle ? (Does / Has / Is)

Leena: He must have because it is not there.

Sunil: He is acting very strangely this morning. (is / does / was)

Leena: I know he was. We should have asked him why. (was/had/did)

Sunil: I would have but I didn't have time. (don't / am not / didn't)

Leena: Can't we phone his grandpa ?

Sunil: We could. But we haven't got his number. (don't / aren't / haven't)

Subject-Verb Agreement Table (from textbook):

Subject	Verb (be)	Verb (eat)
I	am	eat
We / You / They / The students	are	eat
He / She / Mina / The teacher	is	eats
The teacher and the students	are	eat
The cow		eats
Cows		eat

୪. ବୋର୍ଡ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ମାଷ୍ଟ୍ରି ଟିପ୍ସ ଓ ସାଧାରଣ ଭୁଲ୍ (Board Exam Tips & Pitfalls)

ଏହି ଅଧ୍ୟାୟଟି English Grammar ର ମୂଳଦୁଆ। ଏହାକୁ ଭଲ ଭାବରେ ବୁଝିଲେ ଆଗାମୀ ଅଧ୍ୟାୟଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସହଜ ହେବ। ବୋର୍ଡ ପରୀକ୍ଷାରେ ଭଲ ନମ୍ବର ରଖିବା ପାଇଁ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖିତ ଟିପ୍ସ ଏବଂ ସାଧାରଣ ଭୁଲଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଧ୍ୟାନ ଦିଅନ୍ତୁ:

ବୋର୍ଡ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ମାଷ୍ଟ୍ରି ଟିପ୍ସ (Board Exam Mastery Tips):

୧. ସଂଜ୍ଞା ମନେରଖନ୍ତୁ: Verb କ'ଣ, Main Verb କ'ଣ, Auxiliary Verb କ'ଣ - ଏହି ସଂଜ୍ଞାଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ଭାବରେ ବୁଝି ମନେରଖନ୍ତୁ।

୨. ପ୍ରକାରଭେଦ ଚିହ୍ନଟ କରନ୍ତୁ: Main Verb ଏବଂ Auxiliary Verb ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟ କରିବା ଶିଖନ୍ତୁ। ବିଶେଷ କରି 'be', 'have', 'do' ଯେତେବେଳେ Main Verb ଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ଯେତେବେଳେ Auxiliary Verb ଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି, ସେହି ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟକୁ ଭଲ ଭାବରେ ବୁଝନ୍ତୁ।

୩. Auxiliary Verbs ର ତାଲିକା: Primary Auxiliaries (be, have, do ର ରୂପ) ଏବଂ Modal Auxiliaries (will, shall, can, may ଇତ୍ୟାଦି) ର ତାଲିକାକୁ ମନେରଖନ୍ତୁ।

୪. Verb Group ବୁଝନ୍ତୁ: ଏକ Verb Group ରେ କେଉଁଟି Main Verb ଏବଂ କେଉଁଗୁଡ଼ିକ Auxiliary Verb, ତାହା ଚିହ୍ନଟ କରିବା ଅଭ୍ୟାସ କରନ୍ତୁ। ମନେରଖନ୍ତୁ, ଶେଷ Verb ଟି Main Verb ହୋଇଥାଏ।

୫. Primary Auxiliaries ର ବ୍ୟବହାର:

'be' + -ing (progressive)

'be' + -en (passive)

'have' + -en (perfect)

'do' + not + base form (negative)

'do' + subject + base form (interrogative) - ଏହି ନିୟମଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଭଲ ଭାବରେ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ କରନ୍ତୁ।

୬. Subject-Verb Agreement: ଯଦିଓ ଏହା ଏକ ପ୍ରାରମ୍ଭିକ ଧାରଣା, ତଥାପି କର୍ତ୍ତା ଅନୁଯାୟୀ କ୍ରିୟାର ରୂପ କିପରି ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ହୁଏ, ତାହା ବୁଝିବା ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ।

୭. ଅଭ୍ୟାସ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନାବଳୀର ସମାଧାନ: ପାଠ୍ୟପୁସ୍ତକରେ ଥିବା ସମସ୍ତ Activity କୁ ବାରମ୍ବାର ଅଭ୍ୟାସ କରନ୍ତୁ। ଏହା ଆପଣଙ୍କ ଧାରଣାକୁ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ କରିବ।

୮. ଅଧିକ ବାକ୍ୟ ଗଠନ: ନିଜେ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାରର Verbs ବ୍ୟବହାର କରି ବାକ୍ୟ ଗଠନ କରିବା ଅଭ୍ୟାସ କରନ୍ତୁ।

ସାଧାରଣ ଭୁଲ୍ (Common Pitfalls):

୧. Main Verb ଏବଂ Auxiliary Verb ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଦ୍ୱନ୍ଦ୍ୱ: ଅନେକ ସମୟରେ ଛାତ୍ରଛାତ୍ରୀମାନେ 'is', 'has', 'do' ଭଳି Verbs କୁ ସବୁବେଳେ Auxiliary ଭାବନ୍ତି। କିନ୍ତୁ ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ Main Verb ଭାବରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୋଇପାରନ୍ତି।

ଭୁଲ୍: He is a doctor. (is କୁ auxiliary ଭାବିବା)

ଠିକ୍: He is a doctor. (is ଏଠାରେ Main Verb/linking verb)

ଭୁଲ୍: He has a car. (has କୁ auxiliary ଭାବିବା)

ଠିକ୍: He has a car. (has ଏଠାରେ Main Verb)

୨. Verb Group ରେ Main Verb ଚିହ୍ନଟ କରିବାରେ ଭୁଲ୍: ଏକ Verb Group ରେ ଶେଷ Verb ଟି Main Verb ହୋଇଥାଏ। ଏହାକୁ ଭୁଲିଯିବା।

ଭୁଲ୍: She will have been reading. (have କୁ Main Verb ଭାବିବା)

ଠିକ୍: She will have been reading. (reading ହେଉଛି Main Verb)

୩. Primary Auxiliaries ସହିତ ଭୁଲ୍ Verb Form: 'be', 'have', 'do' ସହିତ Main Verb ର ଭୁଲ୍ form ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା।

ଭୁଲ୍: He is wrote a letter. (is + past tense)

ଠିକ୍: He is writing a letter. (is + -ing form)

ଭୁଲ୍: They have went to school. (have + simple past)

ଠିକ୍: They have gone to school. (have + past participle)

୪. Subject-Verb Agreement ରେ ଅସଙ୍ଗତି: କର୍ତ୍ତା ଏକବଚନ ଥିଲେ କ୍ରିୟା ବହୁବଚନ ଏବଂ କର୍ତ୍ତା ବହୁବଚନ ଥିଲେ କ୍ରିୟା ଏକବଚନ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା।

ଭୁଲ୍: He go to school.

ଠିକ୍: He goes to school.

ଭୁଲ୍: The students is playing.

ଠିକ୍: The students are playing.

୫. Modal Auxiliaries ପରେ 'to' ବ୍ୟବହାର: Modal Auxiliaries ପରେ ସାଧାରଣତଃ 'to' ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ (ought to ଏବଂ used to କୁ ଛାଡ଼ି)।

ଭୁଲ୍: He can to swim.

ଠିକ୍: He can swim.

ଏହି ଟିପ୍ସ ଏବଂ ସାଧାରଣ ଭୁଲଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଧ୍ୟାନରେ ରଖି ଅଭ୍ୟାସ କଲେ, ଆପଣ ଏହି ଅଧ୍ୟାୟରେ ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଦକ୍ଷତା ହାସଲ କରିପାରିବେ ଏବଂ ପରୀକ୍ଷାରେ ଉତ୍ତମ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନ କରିପାରିବେ।

───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

(ନୋଟ୍ସ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତି: ଉତ୍କଳ ସ୍କିଲ୍ ସେଣ୍ଟର - BSE Odisha 100% Full Textbook Master Edition)

🤖 Have a Doubt in this Chapter?

Ask Gundulu AI Voice Tutor to explain any question in bilingual Odia & English with 24/7 step-by-step guidance!

🚀 Try Gundulu AI on Utkal Skill Centre App