ଅଧ୍ୟାୟ: Class9 EngGram Ch03 Time and Tense

BSE ODISHA CLASS 9 • UTKAL MASTER STROKE

ବୋର୍ଡ ଅଫ୍ ସେକେଣ୍ଡାରୀ ଏଜୁକେସନ୍ (BSE Odisha) — ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅଧ୍ୟାୟ ମାଷ୍ଟର ନୋଟ୍ସ

ଶ୍ରେଣୀ: Class 9 | ବିଷୟ: English Grammar

୧. ଅଧ୍ୟାୟର ସାରାଂଶ ଓ ମାଇଣ୍ଡ ମ୍ୟାପ୍ (Mind Map & Conceptual Architecture)

This chapter introduces the fundamental concepts of Time and Tense in English Grammar. It clarifies the distinction between "time" (a universal, continuous concept) and "tense" (a grammatical form of a verb used to express time). While time is broadly categorized into Past, Present, and Future, English verbs primarily have only two tenses: the Present Tense and the Past Tense. The future time is expressed through various grammatical constructions rather than a distinct "future tense" verb form.

The chapter then delves into the different forms and uses of verbs based on their tense and aspect. It explains the three main forms of English verbs (base form/present tense, past tense, and past participle) and introduces the four aspects: Simple, Progressive (Continuous), Perfect, and Perfect Progressive. These aspects combine with the two tenses (Present and Past) to create eight primary verb forms, each conveying specific nuances of time and action. Special attention is given to stative (non-progressive) verbs, which do not typically take progressive forms. Finally, the chapter comprehensively covers the various ways to express future time in English, including modals, 'be going to', present progressive, and present simple.

Conceptual Architecture / Mind Map:

```

TIME AND TENSE

│

┌────────────────────────────────┴────────────────────────────────┐

│ │

TIME TENSE

(Continuous, Unending) (Verb form to express time)

│ │

┌─────┴─────┐ ┌───────────────┴───────────────┐

│ │ │ │ │

Past Present Future English Verbs have 2 Tenses

(Before Now) (Now) (After Now) │ │

Present Tense Past Tense

│ │

┌───────────┴───────────┐ ┌───────────┴───────────┐

│ │ │ │

ASPECTS ASPECTS Future Time Expressions

│ │ │ │

┌───────────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────────┐

│ │

┌─────┴─────┐ ┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────┐ ┌─────────────┐

│ Simple │ │ Progressive │ │ Perfect │ │ Perfect │

│ │ │ (Continuous)│ │ │ │ Progressive │

└─────────────┘ └─────────────┘ └─────────────┘ └─────────────┘

│ │ │ │

Present Simple Present Progressive Present Perfect Present Perfect Progressive

Past Simple Past Progressive Past Perfect Past Perfect Progressive

Future Time Expressions:

will/shall + V1

be going to + V1

Present Progressive (for arrangements)

Present Simple (for timetables)

will be V-ing

will have V-en

be about to + V1

be to + V1

Modals (may, might, can, could, etc.)

Key Concepts:

Time vs. Tense distinction

Verb Forms (V1, V2, V3)

Stative (Non-Progressive) Verbs

Adverbs of Time

Contextual usage of tenses and aspects

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୨. ମୁଖ୍ୟ ବିଷୟବସ୍ତୁ, ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ଓ ଗାଣିତିକ ସୂତ୍ରାବଳୀ (Comprehensive Theory & Formulas)

୧. Time and Tense (ସମୟ ଏବଂ କାଳ)

Time is a universal, continuous, and unending concept. For convenience, we divide it into three broad periods: the past, the present, and the future.

The Past: The period of time that has gone by (before now).

The Present: The period of time that is with us now.

The Future: The period of time that is yet to come (after now).

We express time in terms of years, months, days, hours, etc.

Tense, however, is a grammatical concept. It is a verb form specific to a language and is used to express a time. It is crucial not to confuse time with tense.

୨. Tenses in English (ଇଂରାଜୀରେ କାଳ)

English verbs have only two tenses:

The Present Tense

The Past Tense

There is no specific single-word verb form to express future time actions, events, or states. Therefore, it is often said that there is no "future tense" in English in the same way there are present and past tenses. Future time is expressed using various constructions involving modals, auxiliary verbs, and specific verb forms.

୩. Verb Forms (କ୍ରିୟା ରୂପ)

English verbs have three principal forms:

Base Form (V1) / Present Tense Form: Used for the simple present tense (e.g., do, go, take).

Past Tense Form (V2): Used for the simple past tense (e.g., did, went, took).

Past Participle Form (V3): Used with auxiliary verbs (have/has/had) to form perfect tenses and with 'be' verbs to form passive voice (e.g., done, gone, taken).

Example Table of Verb Forms:

Column A (Base Form / Present Tense)	Column B (Past Tense)	Column C (Past Participle)
go	went	gone
eat	ate	eaten
study	studied	studied
want	wanted	wanted
begin	began	begun
come	came	come
open	opened	opened
shut	shut	shut
take	took	taken
give	gave	given
see	saw	seen
sit	sat	sat
stand	stood	stood
read	read	read
write	wrote	written
run	ran	run
play	played	played
put	put	put
sell	sold	sold
buy	bought	bought
bring	brought	brought
do	did	done
fly	flew	flown
cut	cut	cut
sing	sang	sung

୪. Aspects of Verbs (କ୍ରିୟାର ପ୍ରକାର)

In addition to tense, verbs also have aspects, which describe the nature of the action (e.g., whether it is complete, ongoing, or habitual). There are four aspects:

Simple Aspect: Describes actions as facts or habits, without emphasizing their duration or completion.

Progressive (Continuous) Aspect: Describes actions that are ongoing or in progress.

Perfect Aspect: Describes actions that are completed before a certain point in time, often with a result or relevance to that point.

Perfect Progressive Aspect: Describes actions that began in the past, continued for a duration, and are still ongoing or have just finished with a present result.

These aspects combine with the Present and Past Tenses to form eight main verb combinations:

୪.୧. Present Tense Forms (ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ କାଳର ରୂପ)

୪.୧.୧. The Present Simple Tense (ସାଧାରଣ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ କାଳ)

Form: Base form of the verb (V1). For third-person singular subjects (he, she, it), add -s or -es (e.g., goes, takes).

Affirmative: I/We/You/They + V1; He/She/It + V1-s/es

Negative: I/We/You/They + do not/don't + V1; He/She/It + does not/doesn't + V1

Interrogative: Do + I/we/you/they + V1?; Does + he/she/it + V1?

Uses:

(a) Habits and Repeated Actions: To talk about things we do again and again as a habit. Often used with adverbs like 'always', 'often', 'usually', 'sometimes', 'never', 'everyday', 'on Sundays', etc.

Example: I go to school everyday. My friend usually comes with me.

(b) Laws of Nature, General and Scientific Truths:

Example: The sun rises in the east. Water boils at 100°C.

Example: I am hungry. Bhubaneswar is the capital of Odisha.

(d) Running Commentaries: To describe actions taking place at the moment of speaking, especially in sports commentaries.

Example: Rakesh kicks the ball to Ramesh. Ramesh passes it to Suresh.

(e) Planned Future Actions / Fixed Programmes or Timetables:

Example: Our Prime Minister visits Pakistan tomorrow. The train leaves at 9 a.m.

(f) Formal Declarations:

Example: The collector declares the Flower Show open. I propose that Mr Mohanty be selected.

(g) If-Clauses (Conditional Type 0 and Type 1): In the 'if' part of certain conditional sentences.

Example: If we pour oil on water, it floats. If it rains, I shall not go to school today.

୪.୧.୨. The Present Progressive (Continuous) Tense (ଚାଲୁ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ କାଳ)

Form: Subject + am/is/are + V-ing (present participle).

Affirmative: I + am + V-ing; He/She/It + is + V-ing; We/You/They + are + V-ing

Negative: I + am not + V-ing; He/She/It + is not/isn't + V-ing; We/You/They + are not/aren't + V-ing

Interrogative: Am + I + V-ing?; Is + he/she/it + V-ing?; Are + we/you/they + V-ing?

Uses:

(i) Actions Happening Now or Around Now: To indicate an action taking place at the moment of speaking or for a brief period around now.

Example: Look, Sabita is getting into the bus. It is raining now.

(ii) Actions Started Before, Continuing Now, and Ending Later: Actions that began in the past, are still in progress, and will continue for some time.

Example: Guduli is doing her homework. (She started before, is doing it now, will finish later).

(iii) Temporary Actions: To describe actions that are temporary, not permanent.

Example: My brother is teaching History in an English medium school this month. (Temporary job).

(iv) Actions Not Necessarily Happening at the Time of Speaking: Actions that are generally in progress over a period, even if not at the exact moment of speaking.

Example: My father is writing a novel. (He is in the process of writing, but not necessarily writing right now).

(v) Changing Conditions: To describe situations that are developing or changing.

Example: Prices of commodities are going up every week. Life style of the people is changing very fast.

(vi) Unpleasant Habits/Actions: To express anger, irritation, or vexation about a repeated, often annoying action. Used with adverbs like 'always', 'for ever', 'constantly'.

Example: He is always losing his keys. This cat is always getting into the kitchen.

୪.୧.୩. Non-Progressive (Stative) Verbs (ଅପ୍ରଗତିଶୀଳ କ୍ରିୟା)

These verbs describe states, feelings, opinions, senses, or possessions rather than actions. They are generally NOT used in progressive (continuous) forms. When referring to the present, they are used in the Present Simple tense.

Categories and Examples:

Verbs of Possession: have, own, possess, belong to, contain, consist

Verbs of Liking/Disliking: like, dislike, love, hate, prefer, admire, want

Verbs of Sense Perception: see, hear, smell, taste, feel

Verbs of Mental Activity: hope, forget, remember

Verbs of Thinking: think, believe, know, mind, understand

Verbs of Appearance: appear, seem, look (like), resemble

Others: depend, weigh, cost, measure, sound

Example: This book belongs in the third shelf. I love and respect my parents. (NOT "I am loving").

Note: Some stative verbs can be used in progressive forms when they describe an action rather than a state (e.g., "I am having breakfast" - action; "I have a car" - state).

୪.୧.୪. The Present Perfect Tense (ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ କାଳ)

Form: Subject + have/has + Past Participle (V3).

Affirmative: I/We/You/They + have + V3; He/She/It + has + V3

Negative: I/We/You/They + have not/haven't + V3; He/She/It + has not/hasn't + V3

Interrogative: Have + I/we/you/they + V3?; Has + he/she/it + V3?

Uses:

(a) Past Action with Present Relevance/Result: Action began in the past and was recently completed or continued up to now, with a visible result in the present. Focus is on the result, not the exact time of completion.

Example: I have polished my shoes. (Result: The shoes are shining now). She has written a letter. (Result: The letter is with her now).

Important: Present Perfect does not go with adverbs of definite past time (e.g., 'yesterday', 'last week').

(b) Actions Continuing to the Present: Actions that started in the past and are still continuing. Often used with 'for' (duration) and 'since' (starting point).

Example: We have lived in this house for five years. I have waited for the doctor since 4 p.m.

has gone to: Means someone has left for a place and has not returned yet.

has been to: Means someone has visited a place and has returned.

Example: Abhishikta has gone to Puri. (She is still there or on the way). Rakesh has been to Kanyakumari. (He went and has returned).

(d) Alive Writers/Poets: To refer to the works of living authors. (For dead authors, Past Simple is used).

Example: Soubhagya Mishra has written a number of poems.

(e) Actions Just Ended: To describe actions that have just been completed.

Example: Gopi: I have been to the market. (Just returned).

(f) Newspaper Headlines, Radio/TV Reports: To report recent events.

Example: Thieves have looted the bank. Television has announced the occurrence of a cyclone.

(g) With 'for the first time', superlatives:

Example: It is the first time that she has been to Delhi. He is the most intelligent boy I have ever come across.

(h) With Adverbs: 'just', 'ever', 'never', 'lately', 'recently', 'already', 'yet', 'often'.

Example: The taxi has just arrived. I have never told a lie. (Use 'already' in affirmative, 'yet' in negative/interrogative).

(i) Incomplete Time Periods: With time expressions like 'this morning', 'this afternoon', 'this week', 'this month', 'this year', 'today' when the period is not yet over.

Example: She has written three letters this morning. (Morning is not over).

୪.୧.୫. The Present Perfect Progressive Tense (ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଚାଲୁ ବର୍ତ୍ତମାନ କାଳ)

Form: Subject + have/has + been + V-ing.

Affirmative: I/We/You/They + have been + V-ing; He/She/It + has been + V-ing

Negative: I/We/You/They + haven't been + V-ing; He/She/It + hasn't been + V-ing

Interrogative: Have + I/we/you/they + been + V-ing?; Has + he/she/it + been + V-ing?

Uses:

(a) Activity Started in Past, Continuing to Present, Likely to Future: To emphasize the duration of an action that began in the past, is still in progress, and may continue.

Example: It has been raining hard for three hours. He has been waiting for the train since 4 p.m.

(b) Activity Until Now with Visible Result: To describe an action that was happening until this moment or a very short time ago, and its result is evident now.

Example: His hands are dirty. He has been working in the garden. (Result: dirty hands).

୪.୨. Past Tense Forms (ଅତୀତ କାଳର ରୂପ)

୪.୨.୧. The Past Simple Tense (ସାଧାରଣ ଅତୀତ କାଳ)

Form: Base form of the verb + -ed (for regular verbs) or irregular past form (V2).

Affirmative: Subject + V2

Negative: Subject + did not/didn't + V1

Interrogative: Did + Subject + V1?

Uses:

(a) Completed Actions in the Past: To talk about an action that began and ended in the past. The action might have happened at a specific moment or over a period of time.

Example: India became free in 1947. The British ruled India for many years.

(b) Past Habits and Repeated Actions:

Example: I played football when I was at school. Everyday he walked two kilometres.

Comparison with Present Perfect: Past Simple has no present relevance, unlike Present Perfect.

Example: "I had a cup of tea." (It's over, no present relevance). "I have just had a cup of tea." (Present relevance, perhaps not wanting another).

'used to' vs. 'would':

used to: For past actions and past states that are no longer true.

Example: He used to visit us every Sunday. Manju used to be ill with Asthma.

would: For past actions only, not states.

Example: He would visit us every Sunday. (Cannot say "Manju would be ill").

Note: Do not use 'used to' to say how often something happened in the past; use Past Simple instead.

Example: He helped me many times in the past. (NOT "He used to help me many times").

୪.୨.୨. The Past Progressive (Continuous) Tense (ଚାଲୁ ଅତୀତ କାଳ)

Form: Subject + was/were + V-ing.

Affirmative: I/He/She/It + was + V-ing; We/You/They + were + V-ing

Negative: I/He/She/It + wasn't + V-ing; We/You/They + weren't + V-ing

Interrogative: Was + I/he/she/it + V-ing?; Were + we/you/they + V-ing?

Uses:

(a) Action in Progress in the Past: To talk about an action that was in progress at a specific point in the past.

Example: Mr Das was teaching us Geography. I was taking my breakfast at 8 am yesterday.

(b) Interrupted Actions / Simultaneous Actions:

When one past action was in progress and another shorter action happened, use Past Progressive for the longer action and Past Simple for the shorter, interrupting action.

Example: My sister was watching TV while I was reading a book. When I opened the door, I saw our teacher.

When two actions were happening simultaneously in the past, both can be in Past Progressive.

Example: While I was cooking, my brother was watching TV.

୪.୨.୩. The Past Perfect Tense (ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅତୀତ କାଳ)

Form: Subject + had + Past Participle (V3).

Affirmative: Subject + had + V3

Negative: Subject + had not/hadn't + V3

Interrogative: Had + Subject + V3?

Uses:

Earlier of Two Past Actions: When two actions occurred in the past, the action that happened earlier is expressed in the Past Perfect, and the later action is in the Past Simple.

Example: When we reached the station, the train had left. (First the train left, then we reached). The thief had gone when the police arrived.

Simultaneous Past Actions: If both actions happened at the same time, Past Simple is used for both.

Example: When she saw the dark shadow, she screamed.

୪.୨.୪. The Past Perfect Progressive Tense (ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଚାଲୁ ଅତୀତ କାଳ)

Form: Subject + had + been + V-ing.

Affirmative: Subject + had been + V-ing

Negative: Subject + hadn't been + V-ing

Interrogative: Had + Subject + been + V-ing?

Uses:

Action in Progress Before Another Past Event: To describe an action that was in progress for a duration up to a certain point in the past, when another event occurred. The Past Perfect Progressive is used for the longer, ongoing action, and Past Simple for the interrupting event.

Example: They had been driving for two hours when the car broke down. (Driving was ongoing for two hours before the car broke down).

୫. Expressions of Future Time (ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ ସମୟର ଅଭିବ୍ୟକ୍ତି)

Since English does not have a distinct future tense verb form, various constructions are used to express future time:

୫.୧. 'will' / 'shall' + Base Verb (V1)

Form: Subject + will/shall + V1. (Traditionally, 'shall' with I/we, 'will' with others. In modern English, 'will' is common for all, 'shall' often implies formality, suggestion, or determination).

Uses:

Unplanned Decisions / Decisions at the Moment of Speaking:

Example: Wait a minute. I'll come with you. The phone is ringing. I'll answer it.

Predictions / General Statements about the Future:

Example: It will rain tomorrow.

Offers, Promises, Requests:

Example: I will help you. Will you open the door?

Compulsion or Threat (with 'shall' for you, he, she, etc.):

Example: You shall do as I say.

୫.୨. 'be going to' + Base Verb (V1)

Form: Subject + am/is/are + going to + V1.

Uses:

Future Fulfilment Based on Present Cause/Indication: When there is evidence in the present that something is likely to happen.

Example: There are dark clouds in the sky. It is going to rain.

Future Plans or Intentions: When a decision has already been made.

Example: We are going to leave for Puri tomorrow morning. (Intention/plan).

୫.୩. Present Progressive for Future Action

Form: Subject + am/is/are + V-ing.

Uses:

Fixed Plans, Arrangements, or Programmes: When an action is a definite arrangement, often involving other people, and is not easily changed.

Example: We are leaving for Puri tomorrow morning. (Fixed arrangement).

୫.୪. Present Simple Tense for Future Action

Form: Subject + V1 (or V1-s/es for third-person singular).

Uses:

Unchangeable Plans / Fixed Timetables/Schedules: When the future action is part of a fixed schedule, timetable, or programme (seen as a fact).

Example: The train leaves at 9 a.m. Our examination starts next week.

୫.୫. Other Future Expressions

'will be V-ing' (Future Progressive): For an action that will be in progress at a specific time in the future.

Example: Don't call me at 9 o'clock. I'll be having my dinner then.

'will have V-en' (Future Perfect): For an action that will be completed by a certain time in the future.

Example: You can ring me up at half past nine; I'll have finished my dinner by that time.

'be about to' + Base Verb: For an action that is imminent or going to happen very soon.

Example: The teacher is about to leave the class.

'be to' + Base Verb (Infinitive):

(i) Arrangement: What is arranged to happen.

Example: They are to be married next month.

(ii) Command or What Must/Should be Done:

Example: You are to be back by 5 p.m.

(iii) Contingent (Dependent) Future: If something is to happen, then something else must follow.

Example: If he is to succeed, he must work harder.

(iv) What Happened Later (Past Future): To refer to something that was destined to happen in the past.

Example: He was to regret that decision for the rest of his life.

୩. ପାଠ୍ୟପୁସ୍ତକ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନାବଳୀର ୧୦୦% ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସମାଧାନ (100% Complete Solved Exercises)

Activity 1:

Study the following sentences and underline the verbs. Mention the tense and the time these verbs refer to. The first one has been done for you.

(i) Mira didn't do her homework.

(Time-Past, Tense-Past)

(ii) We are going on a picnic tomorrow.

(Verb: are going, Time: Future, Tense: Present Progressive)

(iii) There will be a lot of fun.

(Verb: will be, Time: Future, Tense: Present (modal auxiliary 'will' is in present form))

(iv) Tomorrow is Sunday.

(Verb: is, Time: Future, Tense: Present Simple)

(v) Our teacher has given us permission to go on a picnic.

(Verb: has given, Time: Past (with present relevance), Tense: Present Perfect)

(vi) She is also coming with us.

(Verb: is coming, Time: Future (arrangement), Tense: Present Progressive)

(vii) We always obey our teachers.

(Verb: obey, Time: Present (habitual), Tense: Present Simple)

───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────

Activity 2:

Look up a dictionary and fill in the blanks in the following table of verbs.

1 (Base Form)	2 (Past Tense)	3 (Past Participle)
begin	began	begun
go	went	gone
come	came	come
open	opened	opened
shut	shut	shut
take	took	taken
give	gave	given
see	saw	seen
sit	sat	sat
stand	stood	stood
read	read	read
write	wrote	written
run	ran	run
play	played	played
put	put	put
sell	sold	sold
buy	bought	bought
bring	brought	brought
do	did	done
fly	flew	flown
cut	cut	cut
sing	sang	sung

Activity 3:

Choose five other verbs and frame a similar blank-filling exercise for your friends. Let there be a competition.

Sample Exercise:

Fill in the blanks in the following table of verbs.

1 (Base Form)	2 (Past Tense)	3 (Past Participle)
break		broken
choose	chose
drive		driven
forget	forgot
speak	spoke

Solution for Sample Exercise:

1 (Base Form)	2 (Past Tense)	3 (Past Participle)
break	broke	broken
choose	chose	chosen
drive	drove	driven
forget	forgot	forgotten
speak	spoke	spoken

Activity 4 (A):

Fill in the blanks with the correct form of verbs given in brackets:

He gets (get) up early everyday. He brushes (brush) his teeth and has (have) his bath. He does not take (not take) a quick breakfast. He does not want (not want) to be punished at school. So he sets (set) out early to reach school in time. He sits (sit) on the same bench in my classroom. He has (have) straight hair and a sharp nose. What is (be) his name?

Activity 5:

Make sentences in the Present Perfect using the words given. If required, you may use some more words to complete the sentence. The first one has been done for you.

1. ever / you / been / to Kashmir ?

Ans. Have you ever been to Kashmir?

2. Never / I / see / a ghost / in my life

Ans. I have never seen a ghost in my life.

3. My younger brother / not finish / his homework / yet.

Ans. My younger brother has not finished his homework yet.

4. It / first time / I / take / a public examination.

Ans. It is the first time I have taken a public examination.

5. He / the best boy / I / come across

Ans. He is the best boy I have ever come across.

6. Who / you / ever / visit / the Taj Mahal?

Ans. Who has ever visited the Taj Mahal?

7. He / only player / that / got / a chance / to play / international cricket match.

Ans. He is the only player that has got a chance to play international cricket match.

Activity 6:

Use Since or For as required in the following dialogue:

A. For how long have you waited for the doctor?

B. I have waited for the doctor since 6 pm.

A. Would you wait for him for two hours more?

B. No. I have already waited long. I understand my friend has waited for me at home since 9 a.m. I would like to see him at once.

Activity 7:

Complete the sentences using the words given in brackets: Use the Present Perfect or the Present Perfect Progressive as required. The first one has been done for you.

(i) Anita - You look very tired, Amit.

Amit - I have been working hard all day.

(ii) How long has it been raining?

Ans. It has been raining for three days.

(iii) What have you been doing all morning?

Ans. I have been working out sums.

(iv) How long have you stayed here?

Ans. I have stayed for a week.

(v) How long have you swum in the river?

Ans. I have been swimming in the river for two hours.

(vi) Sabita is ill. She is still under treatment.

Ans. The doctor has been treating Sabita.

(vii) We are at the station for the last two hours. Our parents haven't come yet.

Ans. We have been waiting (wait, at the station, for our parents, the last two hours.)

(viii) The lion attacked its keeper. He is dead now.

Ans. The lion has killed its keeper.

Activity 8:

Make sentences using the present perfect progressive form of the verbs given in brackets.

1. Mrs Das is very tired. (work hard)

Ans: Mrs Das has been working hard.

2. Mr Das looks pale. (not feel well / all day)

Ans: Mr Das has not been feeling well all day.

3. Their son Ashok has got a headache. (watch TV / all evening)

Ans: Their son Ashok has been watching TV all evening.

4. Their daughter Bini has got no money left. (buy dresses)

Ans: Their daughter Bini has been buying dresses.

5. They are sitting idle and can't do anything. (rain / since the evening)

Ans: It has been raining since the evening.

Activity 9:

One sentence in each of the following pairs is unacceptable. Strike it off.

1. I can go home now. I have finished my class work. (✓ Correct)

I have been finishing my class work. (✗ Unacceptable - strike it off)

Explanation: "I have been finishing" implies the action is still ongoing or just completed with emphasis on duration, but "I have finished" clearly states completion and is more natural here.

2. You look tired. Have you worked in the garden? (✓ Correct)

Have you been working in the garden? (✓ Correct)

Explanation: Both are acceptable. "Have you worked?" focuses on the completion of the task. "Have you been working?" focuses on the activity and its duration, which explains tiredness.

3. Speak the truth. Have you broken the window? (✓ Correct)

Have you been breaking the window? (✗ Unacceptable - strike it off)

Explanation: "Breaking the window" is usually a single, completed action, not a continuous one. "Have you broken" is appropriate.

4. Your eyes are red. You have cried. (✓ Correct)

You have been crying. (✓ Correct)

Explanation: Both are acceptable. "You have cried" focuses on the completed action. "You have been crying" emphasizes the duration of the crying, which explains the red eyes.

5. Now you can live in that house. We have repaired the roof. (✓ Correct)

We have been repairing the roof. (✓ Correct)

Explanation: Both are acceptable. "We have repaired" focuses on the completion of the repair, allowing them to live there. "We have been repairing" focuses on the ongoing process of repair, implying it's now complete or just finished.

Activity 10:

Complete the following conversation, using either the past simple or the present perfect form of the verb given in brackets.

Ashok : What are these people doing here? What has happened (happen)?

Bini : There has been (be) an accident.

Ashok : An accident? What happened (happen) exactly?

Bini : A cat ran (run) across the road in front of a car. The driver tried (try) to apply the brake and hit (hit) the tree on the side of the road.

Ashok : When did it happen (it happen)?

Bini : About ten minutes ago.

Ashok : Has anyone called (anyone call) for an ambulance?

Bini : No, not yet. But the police have arrived (arrive). They will take care of that.

Ashok : This is the second accident we have had (have) here this week.

Bini : We should have a hump here.

Activity 11:

Fill in the blanks with the past simple or present perfect forms of the verbs given in brackets:

Bakul : Did you see (you / see) Jagu last night?

Pikul: No, but I have just come (just come) from his house. He's in bed. He has been (be) very ill for the last three days.

Bakul : I'm sorry to hear that. So that's why he did not come (not come) to the party last night.

Pikul: The doctor has seen (see) him twice by now. He's coming again tomorrow. Oh, by the way, Jagu has sent (send) your book.

Activity 12:

Fill in the blanks using the past simple or the past progressive forms of the verbs given in brackets.

Once when I was reading (read) in my room, I heard (hear) a lot of noise outside. I came (come) out and saw (see) that many people were running (run) in a particular direction. They were shouting (shout) at the top of their voice. They all had (have) buckets and water pots in their hands. I asked (ask) them what the matter was. Somebody was pointing (point) at a house at the end of our village. I saw (see) that the house was burning (burn). People were throwing (throw) water at the house in order to put out the fire. Very soon the fire came (come) under control.

Activity 13:

Rewrite the paragraph using the past progressive or the past simple forms of the verbs given in the brackets.

I was walking (walk) along the street one day when I saw (see) something strange. I noticed (notice) a person of the same height as me and had (have) the same hair style. He was wearing (wear) clothes of the same colour and was carrying (carry) a school bag just as mine. He had just crossed (just / cross) the road ahead of me but he did not avoid (not/avoid) me at all. I was (be) sure of that. As he was going (go across) the road, I followed (follow) him.

Activity 14:

Combine the following sentences into single ones using the past perfect or the past simple forms of the verbs.

1. The alarm clock rang. I woke up = As soon as the alarm clock rang, I woke up.

Explanation: Both actions happened almost simultaneously, so Past Simple for both.

2. I cleaned my teeth. I took my bath = After I had cleaned my teeth, I took my bath.

Explanation: Cleaning teeth happened before taking bath, so Past Perfect for the earlier action.

3. I looked at my watch. I realized I was late = When I looked at my watch, I realized I had been late.

Explanation: Being late was a state that existed before the realization, so Past Perfect for the earlier state.

4. I arrived at the school. I remembered it was Sunday. = When I arrived at the school, I remembered it was Sunday.

Explanation: Arriving and remembering happened at the same time. "It was Sunday" describes a state/fact at that time.

5. Siya wrote the letter. She posted it = After Siya had written the letter, she posted it.

Explanation: Writing the letter happened before posting it, so Past Perfect for the earlier action.

Activity 15:

Work in pairs A and B. Without showing your sentences to your partner, A writes 5 sentences using the past perfect tense of verbs. He/She puts before the sentences an expression like as soon as / when / by the time / after. In the mean time, B writes 5 sentences using the past simple tense of verbs. After writing the sentences, you show each other the sentences and try to combine them.

Sample Sentences and Combination:

Student A (Past Perfect):

1. As soon as I had finished my homework, I went out to play.

2. When she had cooked dinner, her husband came home.

3. By the time the guests arrived, we had decorated the room.

4. After they had saved enough money, they bought a new car.

5. He had never seen such a beautiful place until he visited Switzerland.

Student B (Past Simple):

1. I went out to play.

2. Her husband came home.

3. The guests arrived.

4. They bought a new car.

5. He visited Switzerland.

Combined Sentences:

1. As soon as I had finished my homework, I went out to play.

2. When she had cooked dinner, her husband came home.

3. By the time the guests arrived, we had decorated the room.

4. After they had saved enough money, they bought a new car.

5. He had never seen such a beautiful place until he visited Switzerland.

Activity 16:

Complete the following dialogue using the past perfect or the past perfect progressive forms of the verbs given in brackets.

Federer : My best moment in the match was when I realised that the game had finished (finish) and I had become (become) the champion. I had won (win) at last. At that moment I had become (become) the best Tennis player of the world.

Reporter: And when you won, how long had you been playing (play) Tennis?

Federer : I started just before I finished school. That means, I had been playing (play) for about six years when I won Wimbledon.

Reporter: You had beaten (beat) some good players before you won that tournament.

Federer : Yes, ever since I started as a Tennis professional, I had been winning (win) games regularly, until my injury.

Activity 17:

Two friends Sanu and Siya are leaving school together. Their parents have gone to their village. Some of the lines of their conversation are correct and some have a mistake. Put a tick against the correct sentence. If a sentence has an error in it, write the corrected form.

Sanu - Where will you eat tonight? (✓ Correct)

Siya - At home. I've got a cookery book, so I'll make a curry. (✓ Correct)

Sanu - Why not come to my place? I'm going to cook for us both something. (✓ Correct)

Siya - Won't you go to meet your Grandpa? (✓ Correct)

Sanu - No, he's left for the village. I'm not going to meet him for a month or so. (✓ Correct)

Siya - O.K. I'm going to come round at 8 and I'll bring some ice-cream. (✓ Correct)

Sanu - Fine. I'll see you then. (✓ Correct)

Explanation: All sentences in this dialogue are grammatically correct and use appropriate future expressions ('will', 'going to', 'present progressive') for the context. No corrections are needed.

Activity 18:

Use will/shall, be going to, or present progressive forms of the verbs given in brackets and complete the sentences.

Mina : Would you like to come to watch a movie this weekend?

Mitina : I'd like to, but I'm afraid I won't have (I / not / have) time.

Mina : Why? What are you going to do (what / do)?

Mitina : Well, my father is arriving (my / father / arrive) back from Delhi. He's been there for six months and we are going to have (we / have) a big party to celebrate.

Mina : Won't he be (he / not / be) too tired for a party after his long train journey?

Mitina : Yes and no doubt he will have (he / have) no proper food during the journey. So, on Saturday he can take it easy. But on Sunday, all the family is coming (all the family / come) on a picnic. I am preparing (I / prepare) things all day on Saturday.

Mina : What a lot of work for you.

Mitina : I don't mind. Other members of my family are helpful and we are well organized. In fact, I am seeing (I / see) someone about hiring a cook this afternoon. So, I must go now or I won't get (I / not / get) to their shop before they close (they / close).

Mina : I hope everything will go (everything / go) well for you.

Mitina : I'm sure it will be (it / be) a great day provided the weather remains (the weather / remain) fine.

Activity 19:

Rewrite the following sentences using the correct form of the verbs given in brackets. Read the following passage. It's about Raju's daily routine.

Raju gets (get) up early everyday. He brushes (brush) his teeth and has (have) his bath. He takes (take) a quick breakfast. He usually prefers (prefer) fruits for his breakfast. Soon after, he sits (sit) down to do his homework. He does not want (not want) to be punished at school. So, he sets (set) out early to reach the school in time.

Activity 20:

Suppose you are the monitor of your class and very well up in English. You ask your friends to look out through the windows and write three correct sentences each about the things they see. You then go round the class to see if all of them have written correctly. Correct the wrong sentences wherever you find them.

Approach: This activity encourages observation and application of Present Simple and Present Progressive tenses. Students should look outside and describe what they see.

Sample Sentences (Correct):

1. A bird is flying in the sky. (Present Progressive - action happening now)

2. The sun shines brightly today. (Present Simple - general truth/state)

3. Some children are playing in the park. (Present Progressive - action happening now)

4. The school bus arrives at 8:30 AM every day. (Present Simple - fixed timetable/habit)

5. A gardener is watering the plants. (Present Progressive - action happening now)

Sample Incorrect Sentence and Correction:

Incorrect: The dog barks now.

Correction: The dog is barking now. (For an action happening at the moment of speaking, Present Progressive is used).

Incorrect: My friend is having a new bicycle.

Correction: My friend has a new bicycle. ('have' for possession is a stative verb, used in Present Simple).

Activity 21:

Use either the present simple or the present progressive in the following sentences to complete the dialogue.

Seema : Hellow, Lopa, what are you doing (you / do) these days?

Lopa : Nothing special. I am learning (learn) dancing in a dancing school. What about you?

Seema : Me? I am working (work) at a training school. The school offers (offer) lessons on cooking.

Lopa : Do you like (you / like) the job?

Seema : Yes, of course. I prefer (prefer) this job because I also learn (also learn) a lot about cooking while working here.

Lopa : What are they teaching (they / teach) now?

Seema : Right now, they are giving (give) lessons on Chinese food. You know, Chinese dishes taste (taste) so good!

Lopa : Can I join the classes some day?

Seema : Sure. They want (want) more and more students to join their school. You are welcome.

Lopa : Thank you.

୪. ବୋର୍ଡ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ମାଷ୍ଟ୍ରି ଟିପ୍ସ ଓ ସାଧାରଣ ଭୁଲ୍ (Board Exam Tips & Pitfalls)

ବୋର୍ଡ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ମାଷ୍ଟ୍ରି ଟିପ୍ସ (Board Exam Mastery Tips):

୧. ସମୟ ଓ କାଳର ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟ ବୁଝନ୍ତୁ (Understand Time vs. Tense): ମନେରଖନ୍ତୁ ଯେ 'time' ଏକ ସାଧାରଣ ଧାରଣା, କିନ୍ତୁ 'tense' ହେଉଛି କ୍ରିୟାର ଏକ ବ୍ୟାକରଣଗତ ରୂପ ଯାହା ସମୟକୁ ପ୍ରକାଶ କରେ। ଏହି ମୌଳିକ ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟକୁ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ଭାବରେ ବୁଝିବା ଅତ୍ୟନ୍ତ ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ।

୨. କ୍ରିୟା ରୂପଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ମନେରଖନ୍ତୁ (Memorize Verb Forms): ସମସ୍ତ ନିୟମିତ (regular) ଏବଂ ଅନିୟମିତ (irregular) କ୍ରିୟାଗୁଡ଼ିକର Base Form (V1), Past Tense (V2), ଏବଂ Past Participle (V3) ରୂପଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଭଲ ଭାବରେ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ କରନ୍ତୁ। ଏହା ବିଭିନ୍ନ Tense ଏବଂ Aspect ଗଠନ ପାଇଁ ଅତ୍ୟାବଶ୍ୟକ।

୩. ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ Tense/Aspect ର ବ୍ୟବହାର ବୁଝନ୍ତୁ (Understand Each Tense/Aspect's Usage): କେବଳ Tense ର ଗଠନ (form) ନୁହେଁ, ଏହାର ବ୍ୟବହାର (use) ଉପରେ ଅଧିକ ଧ୍ୟାନ ଦିଅନ୍ତୁ। କେଉଁ ପରିସ୍ଥିତିରେ କେଉଁ Tense ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ, ତାହା ଉଦାହରଣ ସହିତ ବୁଝିବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରନ୍ତୁ।

୪. ସମୟ ସୂଚକ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଲକ୍ଷ୍ୟ କରନ୍ତୁ (Pay Attention to Time Adverbs/Expressions): 'yesterday', 'last week', 'always', 'often', 'since', 'for', 'now', 'tomorrow' ଭଳି ସମୟ ସୂଚକ ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକ Tense ଚିହ୍ନଟ କରିବାରେ ବା ସଠିକ୍ Tense ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବାରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରନ୍ତି।

୫. Stative Verbs ଉପରେ ବିଶେଷ ଧ୍ୟାନ ଦିଅନ୍ତୁ (Focus on Stative Verbs): 'know', 'love', 'believe', 'have' (possession) ଭଳି Stative Verbs ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସାଧାରଣତଃ Progressive (Continuous) form ରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର ହୁଅନ୍ତି ନାହିଁ। ଏହି ନିୟମକୁ ଭଲ ଭାବରେ ମନେରଖନ୍ତୁ।

୬. ଭବିଷ୍ୟତ ସମୟର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଅଭିବ୍ୟକ୍ତି (Various Future Time Expressions): 'will/shall', 'be going to', Present Progressive, Present Simple, 'be about to', 'be to + infinitive' ଇତ୍ୟାଦିର ବ୍ୟବହାର ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା ସୂକ୍ଷ୍ମ ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟକୁ ବୁଝିବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରନ୍ତୁ। ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକର ନିଜସ୍ୱ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ବ୍ୟବହାର ପରିସ୍ଥିତି ଅଛି।

୭. ଅଭ୍ୟାସ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନାବଳୀର ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସମାଧାନ (Complete Solved Exercises): ପାଠ୍ୟପୁସ୍ତକରେ ଥିବା ସମସ୍ତ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନାବଳୀକୁ ନିଜେ ସମାଧାନ କରନ୍ତୁ ଏବଂ ତା'ପରେ ଉତ୍ତର ସହିତ ମିଳାନ୍ତୁ। ଏହା ଆପଣଙ୍କ ବୁଝାମଣାକୁ ଦୃଢ଼ କରିବ।

୮. ନିୟମିତ ପଠନ (Regular Reading): ଇଂରାଜୀ ଖବରକାଗଜ, ପୁସ୍ତକ, କାହାଣୀ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ପଢ଼ିବା ଦ୍ୱାରା ବିଭିନ୍ନ Tense ଏବଂ Aspect ର ବ୍ୟବହାର ସହିତ ଆପଣ ଅଧିକ ପରିଚିତ ହେବେ।

ସାଧାରଣ ଭୁଲ୍ (Common Pitfalls):

୧. Tense ମିଶାଇବା (Mixing Tenses): ଗୋଟିଏ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ବା Paragraph ରେ ଅଯଥା Tense ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରିବା। ଉଦାହରଣ ସ୍ୱରୂପ: "He went to the market and buys vegetables." (ସଠିକ୍: "He went to the market and bought vegetables.")

୨. Stative Verbs କୁ Progressive ରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା (Using Stative Verbs in Progressive Form): "I am knowing him." (ସଠିକ୍: "I know him.")

୩. Present Perfect ସହିତ Past Time Adverbs ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା (Using Past Time Adverbs with Present Perfect): "I have seen him yesterday." (ସଠିକ୍: "I saw him yesterday." ବା "I have seen him recently.")

୪. Subject-Verb Agreement ରେ ଭୁଲ୍ (Subject-Verb Agreement Errors): Present Simple ରେ Third Person Singular (he, she, it) ସହିତ କ୍ରିୟାରେ -s/es ଯୋଗ କରିବାକୁ ଭୁଲିଯିବା। ଉଦାହରଣ ସ୍ୱରୂପ: "He go to school." (ସଠିକ୍: "He goes to school.")

୫. 'for' ଏବଂ 'since' ର ଭୁଲ୍ ବ୍ୟବହାର (Incorrect Use of 'for' and 'since'): 'for' ସମୟର ଅବଧି (duration) ପାଇଁ ଏବଂ 'since' ସମୟର ଆରମ୍ଭ ବିନ୍ଦୁ (starting point) ପାଇଁ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ। ଏହାକୁ ମନେରଖନ୍ତୁ।

୬. Future Time Expressions ରେ ଦ୍ୱନ୍ଦ୍ୱ (Confusion in Future Time Expressions): 'will', 'be going to', Present Progressive, Present Simple ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟକୁ ନବୁଝି ଭୁଲ୍ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା। ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକର ନିଜସ୍ୱ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ପରିସ୍ଥିତି ଅଛି।

୭. Past Perfect ର ଭୁଲ୍ ବ୍ୟବହାର (Incorrect Use of Past Perfect): ଦୁଇଟି ଅତୀତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ଯେଉଁଟି ପ୍ରଥମେ ଘଟିଥିଲା, ତାହା Past Perfect ରେ ହୁଏ। ଏହି କ୍ରମକୁ ଭୁଲିଯିବା। ଉଦାହରଣ ସ୍ୱରୂପ: "When I reached the station, the train left." (ଯଦି ଟ୍ରେନ୍ ଆଗରୁ ଯାଇସାରିଥିଲା, ତେବେ ସଠିକ୍: "When I reached the station, the train had left.")

ଏହି ଟିପ୍ସ ଏବଂ ସାଧାରଣ ଭୁଲ୍ ଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଧ୍ୟାନରେ ରଖିଲେ, ଆପଣ Tense ଏବଂ Time ଉପରେ ଆଧାରିତ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ଉନ୍ନତ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନ କରିପାରିବେ।

(ନୋଟ୍ସ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତି: ଉତ୍କଳ ସ୍କିଲ୍ ସେଣ୍ଟର - BSE Odisha 100% Full Textbook Master Edition)

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