ଅଧ୍ୟାୟ: Class9 EngGram Ch04 Ch04 Auxiliaries

BSE ODISHA CLASS 9 • UTKAL MASTER STROKE

ବୋର୍ଡ ଅଫ୍ ସେକେଣ୍ଡାରୀ ଏଜୁକେସନ୍ (BSE Odisha) — ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅଧ୍ୟାୟ ମାଷ୍ଟର ନୋଟ୍ସ

ଶ୍ରେଣୀ: Class 9 | ବିଷୟ: English Grammer

୧. ଅଧ୍ୟାୟର ସାରାଂଶ ଓ ମାଇଣ୍ଡ ମ୍ୟାପ୍ (Mind Map & Conceptual Architecture)

Chapter Summary:

This chapter introduces the concept of auxiliary verbs (also known as helping verbs) in English grammar. It explains their function in indicating tense, mood, and other modalities of expression. The chapter categorizes auxiliary verbs into two main types: Primary Auxiliaries and Modal Auxiliaries. It details the specific uses and characteristics of each type, providing numerous examples. Primary auxiliaries (`be`, `have`, `do`) are discussed in terms of their roles in forming progressive tenses, perfect tenses, passive voice, negatives, and interrogatives, and also how they can function as main verbs. Modal auxiliaries (`shall`, `will`, `should`, `would`, `can`, `could`, `may`, `might`, `must`, `ought to`, `used to`, `need`, `dare`) are explained for their ability to express possibility, desirability, intention, ability, obligation, compulsion, permission, advice, and past habits. The chapter emphasizes the grammatical rules associated with modals, such as their unchanging form, their inability to combine, and their requirement for a bare infinitive. A series of activities are provided to reinforce understanding and application of these concepts.

Core Objectives:

To understand what auxiliary verbs are and their role in sentence structure.

To differentiate between primary and modal auxiliary verbs.

To learn the various functions of primary auxiliaries (`be`, `have`, `do`) as both helping verbs and main verbs.

To master the usage of modal auxiliaries to express different meanings such as ability, permission, obligation, possibility, advice, and past habits.

To correctly apply grammatical rules related to auxiliary verbs in sentence construction.

To solve exercises involving the identification and correct usage of auxiliary verbs.

Conceptual Mind Map:

```

VERBS

MAIN VERB AUXILIARY VERB

(e.g., eat, sleep, run) |

PRIMARY AUXILIARIES MODAL AUXILIARIES

(be, have, do) (will, shall, may, can, must,

| would, should, might, could,

| ought to, used to, need, dare)

'BE' as Auxiliary 'HAVE' as Auxiliary 'DO' as Auxiliary Characteristics of Modals Specific Uses of Modals

Progressive tense - Perfect tense - Negative sentences - Don't change form - Ability (can, could)

Passive voice - Main verb (possess) - Interrogative sentences - No non-finite forms - Permission (may, can, could)

Main verb (identity) - Main verb (perform activity) - Followed by bare infinitive - Obligation (must, should, ought to)

Express modalities (possibility, etc.) - Possibility (may, might, can, could)

Advice (should, ought to)

Past Habit (would, used to)

Necessity (must, need)

Compulsion (must)

Threat/Promise (shall, will)

```

୨. ମୁଖ୍ୟ ବିଷୟବସ୍ତୁ, ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ଓ ଗାଣିତିକ ସୂତ୍ରାବଳୀ (Comprehensive Theory & Formulas)

Auxiliary Verbs (Helping Verbs):

An auxiliary verb (or helping verb) is a verb that comes before the main verb in a sentence. Its primary role is to help the main verb indicate its tense, aspect, mood, or voice, or to express modalities such as ability, permission, compulsion, obligation, threat, desirability, etc.

Example:

Shekhar and Kabir have known each other. (`have` is auxiliary, `known` is main verb)

He is a very good singer. (`is` is main verb here, as it's the only verb)

We are going on a picnic. (`are` is auxiliary, `going` is main verb)

You may join us. (`may` is auxiliary, `join` is main verb)

There are two main kinds of auxiliaries:

1. Primary Auxiliaries

2. Modal Auxiliaries

2.1 Primary Auxiliaries:

The primary auxiliaries are `be`, `have`, and `do`. These verbs are unique because they can function as both auxiliary verbs and main verbs depending on the context.

2.1.1 Use of 'be' as an Auxiliary and Main Verb:

As an Auxiliary Verb:

To form progressive tenses: It combines with the -ing form of the main verb.

Example: `am / is / are / was / were` + `going` (e.g., "They are going there.")

To form the passive voice: It combines with the past participle form of the main verb.

Example: `am / is / are / was / were` + `invited` (e.g., "They were invited to the party.")

As a Main Verb:

When `be` is the only verb in a sentence, it acts as a main verb and introduces information about the subject's identity, nature, qualities, or position.

Example: "She is intelligent." (Here, `is` is the main verb.)

Example: "She is in this room." (Here, `is` is the main verb.)

2.1.2 Use of 'have' as an Auxiliary and Main Verb:

As an Auxiliary Verb:

To form perfect tenses: It combines with the past participle form of the main verb to show that an action has been completed.

Example: `have / has / had` + `done` (e.g., "They have done the homework.")

As a Main Verb:

When `have` is the only verb, it means that the subject owns or experiences something.

Example: "She has a bicycle." (Here, `has` is the main verb meaning 'owns'.)

Example: "She has a party today." (Here, `has` is the main verb meaning 'experiences'.)

2.1.3 Use of 'do' as an Auxiliary and Main Verb:

As an Auxiliary Verb:

To form negative sentences: It combines with `not` and the base form of the main verb.

Example: `don't / doesn't / didn't` + `write` (e.g., "I don't write long answers.")

To form interrogative sentences (questions): It comes before the subject, followed by the base form of the main verb.

Example: `do / does / did` + `I / you / he / she / the girl` + `write` (e.g., "Do you write long answers?")

As a Main Verb:

When `do` is the only verb, it means the subject performs an activity or task.

Example: "You do not do your homework regularly." (The first `do` is auxiliary, the second `do` is the main verb.)

2.2 Modal Auxiliaries:

Modal auxiliaries (or simply modals) are a special type of auxiliary verb that express the mood or attitude of the speaker. They express meanings such as necessity, obligation, advice, permission, certainty, possibility, desirability, intention, ability, or compulsion.

Characteristics of Modal Auxiliaries:

1. Do not usually act as main verbs: Unlike primary auxiliaries, modals almost always accompany a main verb.

2. Do not change form: They do not change with the number or person of the subject (e.g., `he can`, `they can`, not `he cans`).

3. Have single forms: They do not change for past time (e.g., `can` remains `can` for present/future, `could` is its past form but doesn't change for different subjects).

4. Cannot combine: Two modals cannot go together in a simple sentence (e.g., `will can` is incorrect).

5. No non-finite forms: They do not have `to`-infinitive, -ing, or -ed forms (e.g., `to can`, `canning`, `canned` are incorrect). They are always finite.

6. Followed by bare infinitive: All modals are followed by the base form of the main verb (without `to`).

Example: `must go`, `can sing`, `should write`.

List of Modal Auxiliaries and their uses:

will / shall:

Plain future: "I will go tomorrow." "We shall be back."

Willingness/Intention: "I will help you."

Request: "Will you do me a favour?"

Promise/Certainty (with I/we): "I will help you as far as I can."

Threat/Compulsion (with other subjects for `shall`): "You shall not use my bicycle again."

Negative forms: `will not` → `won't`, `shall not` → `shan't`.

should / ought to:

Advice/Recommendation: "You should study hard."

Obligation: "You should respect your elders."

Moral/Stronger Obligation (`ought to`): "You ought to respect your parents' views." "They ought to ban smoking."

`ought to` is followed by `to` + bare infinitive.

would / used to:

Request/Invitation: "Would you do me a favour?" "Would you like a cup of tea?"

Probability: "He would be at home now."

Past Habit: "When I was a child, I would spend hours playing." "I used to go to school in my village."

`used to` refers to a past habitual action or state that no longer happens. It cannot be used with an expression of a definite period of time (e.g., "I went to school for five years" is correct, not "I used to go to school for five years").

can / could:

Ability: "He can run like a deer." (Present ability) "He could write poems when he was ten." (Past ability)

Possibility: "The leopard can be hiding in the bush."

Permission (informal): "You can come with me." "Can I use your bicycle?"

Polite Request (`could`): "Could I come in, sir?"

may / might:

Permission (formal): "May I come in, sir?" "You may come in now."

Factual Possibility: "Mother may be in the kitchen."

Wish: "May God bless you."

Remote Possibility (`might`): "What you say might be true."

Past Purpose (`might`): "He died that others might live."

must:

Strong Obligation/Necessity: "I must write the answer." "He must do his homework."

Compulsion: "You must follow the rules."

Logical Conclusion/Inference: "What you say cannot be true; you must be joking."

Prohibition (`mustn't`): "You mustn't shout in the class." (Negative compulsion)

Absence of Compulsion (`needn't`): "You needn't come on Sundays."

need / dare (Semi-Modals):

These can function as both modal auxiliaries and main verbs.

As Modal Auxiliaries: Primarily used in negative and interrogative sentences.

`need not`: expresses absence of necessity. "You need not speak so loudly."

`dare not`: expresses lack of courage. "I dare not ask my teacher."

`Need you leave so soon?` (Interrogative)

`How dare you challenge him?` (Interrogative)

As Main Verbs:

"You don't need to come on Sundays." (Here, `need` is a main verb, followed by `to`-infinitive)

"I didn't dare to go near the snake." (Here, `dare` is a main verb, followed by `to`-infinitive)

୩. ପାଠ୍ୟପୁସ୍ତକ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନାବଳୀର ୧୦୦% ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସମାଧାନ (100% Complete Solved Exercises)

Passage Analysis (Page 1):

Read the passage and underline the verbs in it:

Shekhar and Kabir have known each other from the very childhood. Kabir said to Shekhar "Do you know Ajay? Have you ever talked to him? He is a very good singer". Shekhar replied, "I have seen him at two or three music programmes. He has a very good voice. He did his graduation in Fine Arts and Music." Oneday they invited Ajay and said, "We are very glad to have your company. We are going on a picnic tomorrow. You may join us." Ajay replied, "I should take permission from my father and will then inform you. Remember you ought to respect your parents' views. By the by, can anyone of you sing? One must develop some hobby for a welcome change in life."

Verbs identified:

Auxiliaries (circled): `have`, `Have`, `are`, `are`, `may`, `should`, `will`, `ought to`, `can`, `must`

Main Verbs (underlined): `known`, `said`, `know`, `talked`, `is`, `replied`, `seen`, `has`, `did`, `invited`, `said`, `have`, `going`, `join`, `replied`, `take`, `inform`, `Remember`, `respect`, `sing`, `develop`

Activity 1:

(A) Fill in the blanks with the proper verbs chosen from those given in brackets and rewrite the paragraph:

Nilu is (was / is) my classmate. She / He lives near our house on the same road. A few days ago they had (have / had) a big garden in front of their house. But now they have built (have built / built) an office room in that garden. They have lost (lost / have lost) their beautiful garden. Nilu's father is (is / has) a lawyer. He doesn't (isn't / doesn't) go to the office at ten o'clock everyday. Does (Do / Does) your father go to work at a fixed time everyday?

Rewritten Paragraph:

Nilu is my classmate. She lives near our house on the same road. A few days ago they had a big garden in front of their house. But now they have built an office room in that garden. They have lost their beautiful garden. Nilu's father is a lawyer. He doesn't go to the office at ten o'clock everyday. Does your father go to work at a fixed time everyday?

(B) Underline the main verbs and circle the auxiliary verbs in the passage you have just written.

Nilu is my classmate. She lives near our house on the same road. A few days ago they had a big garden in front of their house. But now they (have) built an office room in that garden. They (have) lost their beautiful garden. Nilu's father is a lawyer. He (doesn't) go to the office at ten o'clock everyday. (Does) your father go to work at a fixed time everyday?

Explanation for (B):

`is` (first instance): Main verb (linking verb).

`lives`: Main verb.

`had`: Main verb (possessive).

`have built`: `have` is auxiliary, `built` is main verb.

`have lost`: `have` is auxiliary, `lost` is main verb.

`is` (second instance): Main verb (linking verb).

`doesn't go`: `does` is auxiliary, `go` is main verb.

`Does go`: `Does` is auxiliary, `go` is main verb.

Activity 2:

Fill in the blanks with `shall / will / shan't / won't`.

Bakul wants to go to Nandankanan. He wants to persuade his father to take him there during the summer vacation.

Bakul: Daddy, will (i) we go to Nandankanan during the summer vacation?

Father: It is a good idea. But I think it will (ii) be better if we go there in winter.

Bakul: But in winter the place gets crowded. We won't (iii) have to queue for hours to go on the boat ride. We won't (iv) get time to see everything.

Father: Yes, but the weather will (v) be so good in summer. The animals will (vi) stay in their caves all the time.

Bakul: So, what shall (vii) we do? Shall (viii) we go there in December?

Father: No, let's go there during the Puja vacation. It won't (ix) be so crowded then. I am sure, the weather will (x) be better.

Activity 3:

Write the following sentences using `I (think / don't think).... should .....` and a suitable expression from the box. One has been done for you.

It is late. I think we should go home now. (Example)

Your bicycle is very old. I think you should sell it.

He doesn't look well. I think he should go to the doctor.

She's very intelligent. I don't think she should go to university.

They need a change. I think they should have a holiday.

You are not very well. I think you should go to the doctor.

They are too young. I don't think they should get married.

Activity 4:

Choose the correct form.

'Do you like / Would you like a banana?'

'Do you like / Would you like bananas?' 'Yes, I love them.'

'What do you like / would you like to drink?' 'Water, please.'

'I like / I'd like ice-cream but I don't eat it very often.'

'I'm tired. I like / I'd like to go to sleep.'

'Do you like / Would you like something to eat?' 'No, thanks. I'm not hungry.'

Activity 5:

Complete the following sentences using `shall / should / will / would +` the words given in brackets.

Lata: Jatin has stomach ache. He is in hospital.

Sumit: Really? How long will he be (he / be) in hospital for?

Lata: No, he won't be (not be) there very long. Two days perhaps. The doctor has given him medicine.

Sumit: How long should he have (he / have) those medicines?

Lata: I don't know. May be he will have (have) to take them for three days.

Sumit: I hope he will be (be) all right soon. How shall we play (we / play) the football match without him?

My brother is lying awake on the bed. His books and notebooks are on the table. I want to ask him if I can switch off the lights.

I shall turn the light off? (Offer/Suggestion)

Father has come back from the fields. He says, "I'm thirsty." What do I say?

"Shall I fetch you a glass of water?" (Offer)

Mother says, "I'm not feeling very well." What do I say?

"Shall the doctor come?" (Offer/Suggestion)

Mother says she will be all right if she lies in bed for a few minutes.

I offer to make the bed for her. "Shall I make the bed for you?" (Offer)

Activity 6:

Make 5 predictions about the year 2020 using `will / won't`.

(Note: The textbook was likely published before 2020, so these are predictions from a past perspective. I will answer as if it's still a prediction for 2020 from an earlier time.)

1. People will rely more on artificial intelligence.

2. Many jobs will be automated, leading to new types of employment.

3. Global temperatures will continue to rise.

4. We won't have solved all environmental problems by then.

5. Space tourism will become more accessible to the public.

Activity 7:

Complete the following offers / invitations using `would you like ...? / Would you like me to ...?`

Would you like to come with us? / Would you like me to help you?

I've just made some tea. Would you like some?

You haven't got an umbrella, have you? Would you like me to borrow mine?

There is a teacher of English living on the first floor. Would you like to know her?

We're going to a party tomorrow night. Would you like to come?

You don't have enough money and you want to buy an interesting book. Would you like me to lend me some money?

Activity 8:

Mr Das is 70. There are a lot of things he cannot do now. He is talking about the things he used to / was able to do. Complete the sentences with `could` or `couldn't`.

My eyes aren't very good now. Five years ago I could (i) read the newspaper without wearing glasses. A few years ago I could (ii) walk to the shops and was back in half an hour, but I prefer to get the rickshaw now. When I was a child, we couldn't (iii) watch television or a video in the evening. They didn't exist. We played football or kabadi in the evening but they could (iv) keep us amused for hours. When I was younger, I could (v) play the flute very well. I tried to play the flute again the other day. I couldn't (vi) play it only for a few minutes. I could (vii) play it at a high pitch. My memory is not brilliant either. I couldn't (viii) remember my telephone number this morning.

Activity 9:

A friend is asking you about your plans. You have some ideas but you aren't sure. Use `may` or `might` and complete the sentences.

(i) Where are you going for your holidays after the examination?

I'm not sure yet, I may go to Puri. (or might go)

(ii) Where are you going to celebrate your birthday?

I don't know yet. I might have a small party at home. (or may have)

(iii) When will you see your cousin again?

I'm not sure. I may see him next month. (or might see)

(iv) What are you going to buy when you go shopping?

I haven't decided yet. I might buy a new dress. (or may buy)

(v) What are you doing at the weekend?

I may visit my grandparents. I might go to the beach. (or may go)

(vi) When are you going to phone Nilu?

I may phone her tomorrow. I might phone her in the evening. (or may phone)

(vii) What are you going to have for dinner tonight?

I may have pasta. I might have pizza. (or may have)

Activity 10:

Fill in the blanks with `may (not) / might (not) / could (not)`. [Multiple answers are possible]

This is news at ten. All parts of the state will have rain tomorrow but the rain might not reach the south coast till the evening. It will be quite warm. Temperature may reach 35°. Winds will increase from the east and could reach the speed of 80 kilometres per hour in the coastal region but might not be strong inland. And the forecast for the weekend. Well, it could be better really. Dry, warm and sunny for both Saturday and Sunday.

Activity 11:

Fill in the blanks with `can / can't / will / won't / would / wouldn't`.

My brother can speak three languages. At the moment he's learning Bengali and by the end of this year he will be able to speak four languages. He hopes to get a job in Kolkata. I would like to speak two languages! I can't speak only Odia and I can't really speak English very well. I attend my English classes regularly but I haven't been able to make much progress. Do you think I will really be proficient in that language?

Activity 12:

Complete the responses to the statements as given in the examples.

Examples:

1. You have slept all afternoon. You can't be tired.

2. He has a building in the village and another big one in the town. He must be rolling in money.

3. None of the candidates passed the examination. The questions must have been difficult.

4. There were a lot of mistakes in your writing. It can't have been revised.

(i) I haven't heard from him for years.

He must have forgotten you.

(ii) Can I have something to eat?

You can't be hungry. You have just had your dinner.

(iii) I can't find the key to my bicycle.

You must have left it in the classroom.

(iv) He has no idea what the book is about.

He can't have read it.

(v) The last bus hasn't arrived yet.

It must have been delayed. There is no passenger at the bus-stop.

Activity 13:

Complete the following sentences using `mustn't / needn't +` one of these verbs given in the box.

`be`, `buy`, `hurry`, `lose`, `stick`, `take`, `tell`, `wait`, `wash`

Your clothes aren't dirty. You needn't wash them.

I must hurry. I mustn't be late.

(Mother to child) You mustn't stick your tongue out at people. It's not decent.

We have enough time. You needn't hurry while driving.

You needn't wait for me, I will meet you at the school.

You needn't take an umbrella. It's not going to rain.

This is a secret. You mustn't tell it to anybody.

You needn't buy this book. You can borrow mine.

This book is very important. You mustn't lose it.

Activity 14:

You are at somebody's house for the first time. You are unknown to most of the members of the family. Politely ask them for what you want using `may / could / would you mind if`.

You'd like to switch on the TV.

Would you mind if I switched on the TV? (or May I switch on the TV? / Could I switch on the TV?)

You'd like to have a glass of water.

May I have a glass of water? (or Could I have a glass of water? / Would you mind if I had a glass of water?)

You'd like to have another piece of cake.

May I have another piece of cake? (or Could I have another piece of cake? / Would you mind if I had another piece of cake?)

You'd like to have a piece of paper and a pen.

May I have a piece of paper and a pen? (or Could I have a piece of paper and a pen? / Would you mind if I had a piece of paper and a pen?)

You'd like to borrow today's newspaper for a few minutes.

May I borrow today's newspaper for a few minutes? (or Could I borrow today's newspaper for a few minutes? / Would you mind if I borrowed today's newspaper for a few minutes?)

You like to add some salt to your curry and you can't reach the salt.

Could you pass me the salt, please? (or May I have the salt? / Would you mind passing me the salt?)

୪. ବୋର୍ଡ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ମାଷ୍ଟ୍ରି ଟିପ୍ସ ଓ ସାଧାରଣ ଭୁଲ୍ (Board Exam Tips & Pitfalls)

Board Exam Tips for Mastering Auxiliaries:

1. Understand the Core Distinction: Clearly differentiate between Primary Auxiliaries (`be`, `have`, `do`) and Modal Auxiliaries. Remember that primary auxiliaries can also act as main verbs, while modals almost exclusively act as helping verbs.

2. Memorize Modal Characteristics: Learn the seven key characteristics of modals (no change in form, no non-finite forms, followed by bare infinitive, etc.). This will help you avoid common grammatical errors.

3. Context is Key: The meaning of a modal verb often depends on the context. Practice identifying whether a modal expresses ability, permission, obligation, possibility, advice, or past habit.

4. Practice Negative and Interrogative Forms: Pay special attention to how `do` is used to form negatives and questions, and how `mustn't` and `needn't` convey different types of negation.

5. Focus on Bare Infinitive: Always remember that modal auxiliaries are followed by the base form of the main verb (the bare infinitive) without `to` (e.g., `can go`, not `can to go`). The exceptions are `ought to` and `used to`, which inherently include `to`.

6. Review `used to` vs. `would`: Understand when to use `used to` for past habits (especially for states or actions over a period) and `would` for repeated past actions. Also, remember `used to` cannot be used with definite time expressions.

7. Polite Requests: Practice using `could`, `would`, and `may` for polite requests and offers, as these are frequently tested.

8. Sentence Transformation: Be prepared for questions that require transforming sentences into negative, interrogative, or passive forms, as these often involve auxiliary verbs.

9. Read the Passage Carefully: In fill-in-the-blanks questions, read the entire passage or sentence to grasp the overall meaning and tense before choosing the appropriate auxiliary.

10. Self-Correction: After attempting exercises, review your answers and understand why a particular auxiliary is correct or incorrect. This reinforces learning.

Common Pitfalls (ସାଧାରଣ ଭୁଲ୍):

1. Incorrect Verb Form after Modals: Students often use `to`-infinitive or -ing forms after modals (e.g., `He can to sing`, `She must going`).

Correction: Always use the bare infinitive: `He can sing`, `She must go`.

2. Changing Modal Forms: Treating modals like regular verbs and adding -s for third person singular or -ed for past tense (e.g., `He cans`, `She musted`).

Correction: Modals never change their form: `He can`, `She must`.

3. Using Two Modals Together: Combining two modals in one verb phrase (e.g., `I will can help you`).

Correction: This is grammatically incorrect. Use an equivalent phrase: `I will be able to help you`.

4. Confusing `mustn't` and `needn't`: Using `mustn't` when `needn't` is appropriate, or vice-versa.

Correction: `Mustn't` means prohibition/negative compulsion (you are not allowed to). `Needn't` means absence of necessity (you don't have to, but you can if you want).

5. Misusing `do` as a Main Verb: Confusing `do` as an auxiliary with `do` as a main verb (e.g., `He doesn't his homework` instead of `He doesn't do his homework`).

Correction: When `do` is the main verb, it still needs an auxiliary `do` for negatives/interrogatives if no other auxiliary is present.

6. Incorrect Tense with Primary Auxiliaries: Using `has` with `I` or `they`, or `was` with `we` (e.g., `I has gone`, `We was playing`).

Correction: Ensure subject-verb agreement for `be` and `have` forms (e.g., `I have gone`, `We were playing`).

7. Overlooking `ought to` and `used to`: Forgetting that these are also modals and follow specific rules, especially the `to` part.

Correction: Remember `ought to` expresses strong obligation and `used to` expresses past habit.

8. Confusing `may` and `might`: Using `may` for very remote possibility or `might` for formal permission.

Correction: `May` for permission/factual possibility, `might` for remote possibility/past purpose.

9. Incorrect use of `used to` with definite time: Saying `I used to live there for five years`.

Correction: For definite periods, use simple past: `I lived there for five years`. `Used to` implies an indefinite period of past habit.

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(ନୋଟ୍ସ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତି: ଉତ୍କଳ ସ୍କିଲ୍ ସେଣ୍ଟର - BSE Odisha 100% Full Textbook Master Edition)

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