ବୋର୍ଡ ଅଫ୍ ସେକେଣ୍ଡାରୀ ଏଜୁକେସନ୍ (BSE Odisha) — ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅଧ୍ୟାୟ ମାଷ୍ଟର ନୋଟ୍ସ
ଶ୍ରେଣୀ: Class 9 | ବିଷୟ: English Grammer
ଅଧ୍ୟାୟ: Class9 EngGram Ch09 Adjectives
୧. ଅଧ୍ୟାୟର ସାରାଂଶ ଓ ମାଇଣ୍ଡ ମ୍ୟାପ୍ (Mind Map & Conceptual Architecture)
ଅଧ୍ୟାୟର ସାରାଂଶ (Chapter Summary):
ଏହି ଅଧ୍ୟାୟଟି Adjectives (ବିଶେଷଣ) ଉପରେ ଆଧାରିତ, ଯାହାକି ଏକ Noun (ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ) କିମ୍ବା Pronoun (ସର୍ବନାମ) କୁ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରେ କିମ୍ବା ସେ ବିଷୟରେ ଅଧିକ ସୂଚନା ଦିଏ। ଏଥିରେ Adjectives ର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାରର ବ୍ୟବହାର, ସେମାନଙ୍କର ସ୍ଥିତି (Position), ଏବଂ Degrees of Comparison (ତୁଳନାତ୍ମକ ମାତ୍ରା) ବିଷୟରେ ବିସ୍ତୃତ ଭାବରେ ଆଲୋଚନା କରାଯାଇଛି।
ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଶିକ୍ଷଣୀୟ ବିଷୟବସ୍ତୁ (Core Learning Objectives):
ମାଇଣ୍ଡ ମ୍ୟାପ୍ (Conceptual Mind Map):
```
ADJECTIVES
│
┌─────────────────────────────┴─────────────────────────────┐
│ │
Definition & Function Degrees of Comparison
│ │
Describes Nouns/Pronouns ┌────────────┴────────────┐
Adds information │ │
│ Positive Comparative
│ (tall) (taller)
│ │ │
┌────────┴─────────┐ │ │
│ Position │ │ │
└──────────────────┘ │ │
│ Superlative Forms & Rules
┌────────┴─────────┐ (tallest) │
│ │ │ │
Attributive Predicative ┌────┴────┐ ┌────┴────┐
(before Noun) (after Link Verb) │ │ │ │
(e.g., big house) (e.g., house is big) Regular Irregular -er/-est
│ (strong) (good) (happy -> happier)
┌────────┴─────────┐ │ │ │
│ │ (stronger) (better) More/Most
│ │ (strongest)(best) (beautiful -> more beautiful)
Only Attributive Only Predicative │
(e.g., main, chief) (e.g., afraid, asleep) │
│ │
Post-Positioned Comparing Equals
(e.g., something terrible) (as...as, not as/so...as)
│ │
Different Meanings by Position Double Comparatives
(e.g., concerned mother vs. doctor concerned) (the...the, -er and -er, more and more)
│
Nouns as Adjectives (Classifiers)
(e.g., cinema hall, science college)
│
-ed vs. -ing Adjectives
(e.g., excited vs. exciting)
│
Order of Adjectives
(Opinion, Size, Age, Shape, Colour, Origin, Material, Purpose)
│
Commas and 'and' with Adjectives
(Rules for lists, colours, predicative use)
```
୨. ମୁଖ୍ୟ ବିଷୟବସ୍ତୁ, ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ଓ ଗାଣିତିକ ସୂତ୍ରାବଳୀ (Comprehensive Theory & Formulas)
Adjectives (ବିଶେଷଣ):
An adjective is a word that describes or modifies a noun or pronoun. It provides more information about the noun or pronoun, such as its quality, quantity, size, colour, or origin.
A. Position of Adjectives:
Adjectives can appear in two main positions in a sentence:
୧. Attributive Use (ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ପୂର୍ବରୁ):
When an adjective comes before the noun it describes.
୨. Predicative Use (Link Verb ପରେ):
When an adjective comes after a link verb (also known as a copular verb) and describes the subject of the sentence. Link verbs connect the subject to a word that describes or renames it. Common link verbs include: be (am, is, are, was, were), become, seem, look, appear, get (= become), stay (= remain), feel, taste, smell, sound.
B. Adjectives Used Only Predicatively:
Some adjectives are almost always used in the predicative position (after a link verb) and rarely, if ever, before a noun.
C. Adjectives Used Only Attributively:
Some adjectives are almost always used in the attributive position (before a noun) and rarely, if ever, after a link verb.
D. Post-Positioned Adjectives:
In some cases, adjectives come after the noun or pronoun they describe. This is common with indefinite pronouns ending in -body, -one, -thing (e.g., somebody, anyone, nothing, everything).
E. Adjectives with Different Meanings Based on Position:
Some adjectives can be used both attributively and predicatively, but their meaning changes depending on their position.
F. Nouns as Adjectives (Classifiers):
Many nouns can be used before another noun to describe it, functioning as adjectives. These are often called classifiers.
G. Adjectives Ending in -ed and -ing:
These adjectives are often confused.
H. Order of Adjectives:
When multiple adjectives describe a single noun, they usually follow a specific order. While not always rigid, a common order is:
1. Opinion: good, bad, ugly, nice, useful, wonderful, naughty
2. Size: big, small, medium, enormous, huge, tiny, little
3. Physical quality: heavy, light, hard, soft
4. Age: old, young, new, ancient, recent, medieval, antique
5. Shape: round, oval, triangular, conical, irregular
6. Colour: red, green, black, white, coloured
7. Place of origin: Indian, Chinese, tropical, equatorial, polar, sea, pond, river
8. Material: iron, gold, silver, copper, earthen, wood(en), woollen, bamboo, stone, steel
9. Purpose: walking, drinking, washing, cleaning, living (often ends in -ing)
I. Using Comma (,) or 'and' between Adjectives:
J. Degrees of Comparison:
Adjectives change their form to show comparison. There are three degrees:
୧. Positive Degree:
Describes a quality without any comparison.
୨. Comparative Degree:
Compares two persons or things. It usually ends in `-er` or uses `more` before the adjective, followed by `than`.
୩. Superlative Degree:
Compares one person or thing with a group of more than two, indicating the highest degree of a quality. It usually ends in `-est` or uses `most` before the adjective, and is preceded by the definite article `the`.
K. Forms of Adjectives in Comparative and Superlative Degree:
L. Comparing Equals:
To show that two things or persons have an equal degree of a quality, we use:
For negative comparisons (to show inequality), we use:
M. Double Comparatives:
These structures are used to show that something is changing or is in a process of change, or that one change depends on another.
୧. `comparative and comparative` (for ongoing change):
Used to show a continuous increase or decrease in a quality.
୨. `the + comparative, the + comparative` (for proportional change):
Used to show that one thing changes in proportion to another.
N. Important Notes on Degrees of Comparison (as per textbook):
୩. ପାଠ୍ୟପୁସ୍ତକ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନାବଳୀର ୧୦୦% ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସମାଧାନ (100% Complete Solved Exercises)
Activity 1:
Read the sentences below. The adjectives in these sentences are used either before a noun or after a verb. Use the adjectives in their alternative positions and write them. One has been done for you.
1. This is a useful book.
Ans. : This book is useful.
2. She is a clever girl.
Ans. : The girl is clever.
3. He looks to be an honest man.
Ans. : The man looks to be honest.
4. It is a wonderful machine.
Ans. : The machine is wonderful.
5. This cake has a sweet smell.
Ans. : This cake smells sweet.
6. This food has become stale.
Ans. : This is stale food.
7. The night was very dark.
Ans. : It was a very dark night.
8. The day is indeed hot.
Ans. : It is indeed a hot day.
9. This bed feels soft.
Ans. : This is a soft bed.
10. Her voice sounds sweet.
Ans. : She has a sweet voice.
Activity 2:
Now use nouns in column A as adjectives putting them before appropriate nouns in B and write them. One has been done for you.
| A | B |
|---|---|
| photo | bus |
| marriage | marriage |
| river | frame |
| school | ceremony |
| child | sun |
| paper | studio |
| morning | water |
| picture | boat |
Ans. :
1. photo frame
2. marriage ceremony
3. river water
4. school bus
5. child studio
6. paper boat
7. morning sun
8. picture frame (already used 'photo frame', so 'picture frame' is also valid)
Alternative combinations if 'frame' is used only once:
1. photo frame
2. marriage ceremony
3. river water
4. school bus
5. child studio
6. paper boat
7. morning sun
8. picture album (or any other suitable noun if not restricted to B)
Sticking strictly to B, 'frame' can be used twice:
1. photo frame
2. marriage ceremony
3. river water
4. school bus
5. child studio
6. paper boat
7. morning sun
8. picture frame
Activity 3:
Rewrite the sentences below choosing the correct alternative.
1. Grandma told us some amusing / amused stories.
Ans. : Grandma told us some amusing stories. (The stories cause amusement.)
2. His long speech was very bored / boring.
Ans. : His long speech was very boring. (The speech caused boredom.)
3. His behaviour was disgusting / disgusted.
Ans. : His behaviour was disgusting. (The behaviour caused disgust.)
4. Why do you look so depressing / depressed?
Ans. : Why do you look so depressed? (Describes how the person feels.)
5. The smile on your face is relaxed / relaxing to me.
Ans. : The smile on your face is relaxing to me. (The smile causes relaxation.)
6. Lata's progress at school is quite encouraging / encouraged to me.
Ans. : Lata's progress at school is quite encouraging to me. (The progress causes encouragement.)
Activity 4:
Here is a passage describing the relief work done by people in a flood hit area. Complete the passage using the appropriate form of the words given in brackets.
It rained heavily for some days. The river water started swelling. The water level reached an alarming (alarm) height and started overflowing into the nearby villages. The panicked (panic) people began moving to higher places from their damaged (damage) houses. The sound of the rushing (rush) water was very frightening (frighten). The sight of the village after the flood receded was quite shocking (shock). There were broken (break) houses, uprooted (uproot) trees and dead animals everywhere. We rushed to the villages with relief materials soon after. The villagers were actually shocked (shock) at the sudden loss of their houses and property. We consoled the weeping (weep) women and children. We met the distressed (distress) villagers and distributed the relief materials among them. We asked them not to be worried (worry). We told them that the government would surely do something for them during their troubled (trouble) times. Our work might have been small, but it was so satisfying (satisfy).
Activity 5:
Read the following letter. The writer has made some mistakes in using the adjectives. Correct them wherever necessary. You may have to put commas (,) / and in some places also.
Original Letter:
Dear Soma,
Hirakud
5th November 2011
I reached Hirakud yesterday. I am now living in a little nice hotel and the rooms are quite clean spacious decorated. I can see the concrete huge river dam and the deep blue waters from my window. The size of the dam and the water body is really amazed. I can see people with their fishing wooden boats catching fish. You will be surprising to see that even small children go out into the waters to catch fish. How fearless ! Since it is already winter you can see birds of red white blue or mixed colours swimming playfully in the waters. They come here in winter and go back to their original places at its end. Tomorrow I will visit the dam and go out into the waters in a big motor boat. What a fun it will be ! I feel thrilling at the idea. I will tell you more when I go back home and see you.
Yours lovingly
Meera
Corrected Letter:
Dear Soma,
Hirakud
5th November 2011
I reached Hirakud yesterday. I am now living in a nice little hotel and the rooms are quite clean, spacious, and decorated. I can see the huge concrete river dam and the deep, blue waters from my window. The size of the dam and the water body is really amazing. I can see people with their wooden fishing boats catching fish. You will be surprised to see that even small children go out into the waters to catch fish. How fearless! Since it is already winter you can see birds of red, white, and blue or mixed-colour birds swimming playfully in the waters. They come here in winter and go back to their original places at its end. Tomorrow I will visit the dam and go out into the waters in a big motor boat. What a fun it will be! I feel thrilled at the idea. I will tell you more when I go back home and see you.
Yours lovingly
Meera
Explanation of Corrections:
Activity 6:
Complete the passage using adjectives in their appropriate degrees.
There are many schools in Bhubaneswar. You get a wider (wide) choice of schools there than in many other cities. The Capital Secondary School is the most famous (famous) one because it has the highest (high) pass rate. Besides, it is the oldest (old) school in the city and has produced many great scholars. But the Ekamra Secondary School is bigger (big) and more modern (modern). It has a hostel with larger (large) rooms than most hostels have and it is more comfortable (comfortable) to live in. However, the school is more expensive (expensive) and only rich people prefer this school. Vidya Bharati School is considered to be the most popular (popular) of all schools. It gives better (good) results than most other schools although it is less expensive (expensive). Its disadvantage is that it has a smaller (small) campus and is located in a noisier (noisy) place. The school building looks older (old) than it actually is as it is not properly maintained. Children of poorer (poor) families prefer this school as the fees are the lowest (low) in the city.
Activity 7:
(i) Complete the sentences using the adjectives given in brackets to show that something is changing. One has been done for you as an example.
(dirty, tall, bright, short, crowded, beautiful)
1. Your shirt is becoming dirtier and dirtier.
2. The baby is growing taller and taller.
3. The day is getting brighter and brighter.
4. In winter, days become shorter and shorter.
5. The place is getting more and more crowded.
6. The garden is becoming more and more beautiful in spring.
(ii) The following sentences have two parts, each part having a word (adjective, adverb or determiner) in the comparative form. The change that happens to the person or thing in the second part depends on the change that takes place in the first part of the sentence.
1. The older I get, the wiser I become.
(= I become wiser as I become older.)
2. The higher you go, the cooler you feel.
(= you feel cooler if you go to higher places.)
Activity 8:
Complete the following sentences adding a second part to it using the adjectives and verbs given in brackets. One has been done for you.
1. The older you are, the weaker you become. (weak, become)
2. The higher the sun goes, the hotter it will be. (hot, be)
3. The deeper you dig, the warmer you will feel. (warm, feel)
4. The faster you walk, the earlier you will reach. (early, reach)
5. The more you study, the more you will learn. (more, learn)
6. The better you dress, the smarter you will look. (smart, look)
୪. ବୋର୍ଡ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ମାଷ୍ଟ୍ରି ଟିପ୍ସ ଓ ସାଧାରଣ ଭୁଲ୍ (Board Exam Tips & Pitfalls)
ବୋର୍ଡ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ମାଷ୍ଟ୍ରି ଟିପ୍ସ (Board Exam Mastery Tips):
୧. Adjective ର ସ୍ଥିତି (Position) ବୁଝନ୍ତୁ: Attributive (ବିଶେଷ୍ୟ ପୂର୍ବରୁ) ଏବଂ Predicative (Link Verb ପରେ) ବ୍ୟବହାର ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟକୁ ଭଲ ଭାବରେ ବୁଝନ୍ତୁ। କେଉଁ Adjectives କେବଳ ଗୋଟିଏ ସ୍ଥିତିରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି ତାହା ମନେ ରଖନ୍ତୁ (ଯଥା: `afraid` କେବଳ Predicative, `main` କେବଳ Attributive)।
୨. Post-positioned Adjectives: `something`, `everything`, `nobody` ଭଳି Indefinite Pronouns ସହିତ Adjectives କିପରି ପରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଅନ୍ତି ତାହା ଉପରେ ଧ୍ୟାନ ଦିଅନ୍ତୁ (ଯଥା: `something important`)।
୩. ଅର୍ଥ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ (Meaning Changes): Adjective ର ସ୍ଥିତି ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ଅର୍ଥରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ହେଉଥିବା ଶବ୍ଦଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ (ଯଥା: `concerned`, `present`) ଉଦାହରଣ ସହିତ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ କରନ୍ତୁ।
୪. Nouns as Adjectives (Classifiers): Nouns କୁ Adjectives ଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବାର ନିୟମ ବୁଝନ୍ତୁ। ଏହା Noun Phrase ଗଠନରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରେ (ଯଥା: `science college`, `steel chair`)।
୫. -ed vs. -ing Adjectives: ଏହି ଦୁଇ ପ୍ରକାର Adjectives ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଥିବା ସୂକ୍ଷ୍ମ ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟକୁ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ଭାବରେ ବୁଝନ୍ତୁ। `-ed` ଭାବନାକୁ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରେ (ଯଥା: `I am bored`), ଏବଂ `-ing` ଭାବନାର କାରଣକୁ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରେ (ଯଥା: `The movie is boring`)। ଏହା ଏକ ସାଧାରଣ ଭୁଲ୍, ତେଣୁ ଏହା ଉପରେ ଅଧିକ ଧ୍ୟାନ ଦିଅନ୍ତୁ।
୬. Adjectives ର କ୍ରମ (Order of Adjectives): ଏକାଧିକ Adjectives ବ୍ୟବହାର କଲାବେଳେ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ସଠିକ୍ କ୍ରମ (Opinion, Size, Age, Shape, Colour, Origin, Material, Purpose) ମନେ ରଖିବାକୁ ଚେଷ୍ଟା କରନ୍ତୁ। ଏହାକୁ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଅନେକ ଉଦାହରଣ ଲେଖନ୍ତୁ।
୭. Commas ଓ 'and' ର ବ୍ୟବହାର: Adjectives ମଧ୍ୟରେ Comma (,) ଏବଂ 'and' ର ବ୍ୟବହାର ପାଇଁ ଥିବା ନିୟମାବଳୀକୁ ଭଲ ଭାବରେ ପଢ଼ନ୍ତୁ। ବିଶେଷ କରି ଦୁଇଟି Colour Adjectives ଏବଂ Predicative Adjectives ର ତାଲିକା ପାଇଁ ନିୟମ ମନେ ରଖନ୍ତୁ।
୮. Degrees of Comparison: Positive, Comparative, ଏବଂ Superlative Degrees ର ସଂଜ୍ଞା ଏବଂ ସେମାନଙ୍କୁ ଗଠନ କରିବାର ନିୟମାବଳୀ (ଯଥା: `-er/-est`, `more/most`, `y` ରୁ `i` ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ, Irregular Forms) ମୁଖସ୍ଥ କରନ୍ତୁ।
୯. Comparing Equals: `as...as` ଏବଂ `not as/so...as` ର ବ୍ୟବହାରକୁ ଠିକ୍ ଭାବରେ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ କରନ୍ତୁ।
୧୦. Double Comparatives: `comparative and comparative` (ଯଥା: `darker and darker`) ଏବଂ `the + comparative, the + comparative` (ଯଥା: `The older, the wiser`) ର ବ୍ୟବହାରକୁ ବୁଝନ୍ତୁ। ଏହା ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କିମ୍ବା ଅନୁପାତିକ ସମ୍ପର୍କକୁ ଦର୍ଶାଏ।
୧୧. ଅଭ୍ୟାସ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନାବଳୀ (Exercises): ପାଠ୍ୟପୁସ୍ତକରେ ଥିବା ସମସ୍ତ Activity କୁ ବାରମ୍ବାର ଅଭ୍ୟାସ କରନ୍ତୁ। ଏହା ଆପଣଙ୍କ ଧାରଣାକୁ ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ କରିବ ଏବଂ ଭୁଲ୍ କରିବାର ସମ୍ଭାବନାକୁ କମାଇବ।
ସାଧାରଣ ଭୁଲ୍ (Common Pitfalls):
୧. -ed ଓ -ing Adjectives ର ଭୁଲ୍ ବ୍ୟବହାର:
୨. Comparative ଓ Superlative ରେ Double Comparison:
୩. `very` ସହିତ Comparative:
୪. Adjective Order ରେ ଭୁଲ୍:
୫. `as...as` ବ୍ୟବହାରରେ ଭୁଲ୍:
୬. Predicative Adjectives ପରେ Noun ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା:
୭. Irregular Adjectives କୁ Regular ଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା:
ଏହି ଟିପ୍ସ ଏବଂ ସାଧାରଣ ଭୁଲ୍ ଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ମନେ ରଖିଲେ, ଆପଣ Adjectives ବିଷୟରେ ଆପଣଙ୍କର ଜ୍ଞାନକୁ ଦୃଢ଼ କରିପାରିବେ ଏବଂ ପରୀକ୍ଷାରେ ଉତ୍ତମ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନ କରିପାରିବେ।
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(ନୋଟ୍ସ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତି: ଉତ୍କଳ ସ୍କିଲ୍ ସେଣ୍ଟର - BSE Odisha 100% Full Textbook Master Edition)
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