BSE ODISHA CLASS 9 • UTKAL MASTER STROKE
ବୋର୍ଡ ଅଫ୍ ସେକେଣ୍ଡାରୀ ଏଜୁକେସନ୍ (BSE Odisha) — ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅଧ୍ୟାୟ ମାଷ୍ଟର ନୋଟ୍ସ
ଶ୍ରେଣୀ: Class 9 | ବିଷୟ: English Grammar
ଅଧ୍ୟାୟ: Class9 EngGram Ch10 Adverbs and Adverbials
୧. ଅଧ୍ୟାୟର ସାରାଂଶ ଓ ମାଇଣ୍ଡ ମ୍ୟାପ୍ (Mind Map & Conceptual Architecture)
ଅଧ୍ୟାୟର ସାରାଂଶ (Chapter Summary):
ଏହି ଅଧ୍ୟାୟଟି Adverbs (କ୍ରିୟାବିଶେଷଣ) ଏବଂ Adverbials (କ୍ରିୟାବିଶେଷଣ ପଦଗୁଚ୍ଛ) ଉପରେ ଏକ ବିସ୍ତୃତ ଆଲୋଚନା ପ୍ରଦାନ କରେ। ଏହା Adverbs କିପରି verbs, adjectives, ଏବଂ ଅନ୍ୟ adverbs କୁ modify କରନ୍ତି ତାହା ବୁଝାଏ। ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାରର Adverbs ଯଥା: Adverbs of Manner, Time, Place, Frequency, ଏବଂ Degree କୁ ସେମାନଙ୍କର କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ଏବଂ ସେମାନେ ଉତ୍ତର ଦେଉଥିବା wh-questions (how, when, where, how often) ଆଧାରରେ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରାଯାଇଛି।
ଅଧ୍ୟାୟଟି Adverbs ଗଠନର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଉପାୟକୁ ମଧ୍ୟ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରେ, ଯେପରିକି -ly ଯୋଗ କରିବା, କିଛି Adjectives ର ସମାନ ରୂପ ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା, -ward, -wise, କିମ୍ବା a- ଯୋଗ କରିବା। ଏହା Adjectives ଏବଂ Adverbs ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟ ଉପରେ ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱାରୋପ କରେ, ବିଶେଷ କରି link verbs ପରେ।
Adverbs ଏବଂ Adverbials ର ବାକ୍ୟରେ ସ୍ଥାନ (position) ଏକ ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବିଷୟ। ଏହା front, mid, ଏବଂ end position ରେ Adverbs ର ବ୍ୟବହାରକୁ ବୁଝାଏ, ଏବଂ ଏକାଧିକ Adverbs ଥିଲେ ସେମାନଙ୍କର କ୍ରମ (MPT/PMT) କୁ ମଧ୍ୟ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରେ। Focus adverbs (only, even, just) ର ବ୍ୟବହାର ଏବଂ ସେମାନେ କିପରି ଅର୍ଥ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରନ୍ତି ତାହା ମଧ୍ୟ ଆଲୋଚନା କରାଯାଇଛି।
ଶେଷରେ, ଏହି ଅଧ୍ୟାୟଟି Adverbs ର ତୁଳନାତ୍ମକ ରୂପ (comparative and superlative forms) ଏବଂ କିଛି ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ Adverbs (yet, still, already, no longer, ago, never, ever, seldom, scarcely, hardly, quite, too, so, enough) ର ବ୍ୟବହାର ଉପରେ ଆଲୋକପାତ କରେ।
ମାଇଣ୍ଡ ମ୍ୟାପ୍ (Conceptual Mind Map):
```
Adverbs and Adverbials
├── Definition & Function
│ ├── Modify Verbs, Adjectives, other Adverbs
│ └── Answer Wh-questions (How, When, Where, How often)
├── Adverbs vs. Adjectives
│ └── Distinction with Link Verbs (be, become, feel, get, look, appear, seem)
├── Types of Adverbs
│ ├── Adverb of Manner (How?) - e.g., foolishly, quietly
│ ├── Adverb of Time (When?) - e.g., yesterday, soon
│ ├── Adverb of Place (Where?) - e.g., here, in the park
│ ├── Adverb of Frequency (How often?) - e.g., always, sometimes
│ ├── Adverb of Degree (How much?) - e.g., very, quite, enough
│ └── Sentence Adverbs (Viewpoint) - e.g., Luckily, Certainly
├── Form of Adverbs
│ ├── No special form (soon, always)
│ ├── Adjective + -ly (slowly, politely)
│ ├── Adjectives ending in -ly (friendly -> in a friendly manner)
│ ├── Ending in -ward (backward, homeward)
│ ├── Ending in -wise (clockwise, classwise)
│ ├── Starting with a- (afresh, aloud)
│ └── Same form as Adjectives (fast, hard, late)
├── Adverbials
│ ├── Adverb Phrases (very slowly)
│ ├── Prepositional Phrases (in the park)
│ └── Noun Phrases (last Sunday)
├── Position of Adverbs
│ ├── Front Position (Sentence adverbs, Time, Frequency, Manner for emphasis)
│ ├── Mid Position (After 'be', after 1st auxiliary, before main verb)
│ └── End Position (Most Manner, Place, Time; after verb/object)
├── Order of Adverbs (End Position)
│ ├── MPT (Manner, Place, Time)
│ ├── PMT (Place, Manner, Time) - for verbs of movement
│ └── Smaller unit before larger unit (Time/Place)
├── Focus Adverbs (even, only, just, simply)
│ └── Position affects meaning/emphasis
├── Comparison of Adverbs
│ ├── Regular (-er/-est or more/most)
│ └── Irregular (well/better/best, badly/worse/worst, far/farther/farthest, little/less/least, much/more/most)
└── Specific Adverb Usage
├── Yet, Still, Already
├── No longer, Any longer/more
├── Ago
├── Never, Ever, Seldom, Scarcely, Hardly
└── Quite, Too, So, Enough
```
୨. ମୁଖ୍ୟ ବିଷୟବସ୍ତୁ, ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ଓ ଗାଣିତିକ ସୂତ୍ରାବଳୀ (Comprehensive Theory & Formulas)
Adverbs and Adverbials
୧. Adverbs କ'ଣ? (What are Adverbs?)
Adverbs ହେଉଛି ଏପରି ଶବ୍ଦ ଯାହା ଏକ verb, ଏକ adjective, କିମ୍ବା ଅନ୍ୟ ଏକ adverb ବିଷୟରେ ଅଧିକ ସୂଚନା ଦିଏ। ଏହା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କିପରି, କେବେ, କେଉଁଠି, କିମ୍ବା କେତେ ଥର ଘଟିଲା ତାହା ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରେ।
ଉଦାହରଣ:
He behaved foolishly. (କିପରି?) - Adverb of Manner
I visited Konark last year. (କେବେ?) - Adverb of Time
They were playing there/in the park. (କେଉଁଠି?) - Adverb of Place
He comes here occasionally/everyday. (କେତେ ଥର?) - Adverb of Frequency
୨. Link Verbs ସହିତ Adverbs ଏବଂ Adjectives (Adverbs and Adjectives with Link Verbs)
`be, become, feel, get, look, appear, seem` ପରି link verbs ପରେ ଆମେ ସାଧାରଣତଃ adjective ବ୍ୟବହାର କରୁ, adverb ନୁହେଁ।
ଉଦାହରଣ:
He felt happy. (Adjective) - ସଠିକ୍
He felt happily. (Adverb) - ଭୁଲ୍
୩. Wh-Questions ଆଧାରରେ Adverbs ର ପ୍ରକାରଭେଦ (Types of Adverbs based on Wh-Questions)
| Wh-Question | Answers/Information
Adverb of Manner: କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କିପରି ହେଲା ତାହା ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରେ। 'How?' ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ଦିଏ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `slowly`, `easily`, `fast`.
ସ୍ଥାନ: ସାଧାରଣତଃ ବାକ୍ୟର ଶେଷରେ, କିମ୍ବା verb group ର ମଝିରେ।
Adverb of Time: କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କେବେ ହେଲା ତାହା ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରେ। 'When?' କିମ୍ବା 'At what time?' ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ଦିଏ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `yesterday`, `soon`, `just`, `already`, `yet`.
ସ୍ଥାନ: ସାଧାରଣତଃ ବାକ୍ୟର ଶେଷରେ, ଆରମ୍ଭରେ, କିମ୍ବା ମଝିରେ।
Adverb of Place: କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କେଉଁଠି ହେଲା ତାହା ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରେ। 'Where?' କିମ୍ବା 'In what direction?' ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ଦିଏ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `here`, `there`, `upstairs`, `in the park`.
ସ୍ଥାନ: ସାଧାରଣତଃ ବାକ୍ୟର ଶେଷରେ।
Adverb of Frequency: କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କେତେ ଥର ହେଲା ତାହା ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରେ। 'How often?' ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ଦିଏ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `always`, `often`, `usually`, `sometimes`, `never`.
ସ୍ଥାନ: ସବୁ ତିନୋଟି ସ୍ଥାନରେ (front, mid, end) ବ୍ୟବହାର ହୋଇପାରେ। ପ୍ରଶ୍ନବାଚକ ବାକ୍ୟରେ subject ପରେ ଆସେ।
Adverb of Degree: Adjectives କିମ୍ବା ଅନ୍ୟ Adverbs ର ଅର୍ଥକୁ ଶକ୍ତିଶାଳୀ କିମ୍ବା ଦୁର୍ବଳ କରେ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `very`, `absolutely`, `fairly`, `quite`, `enough`, `too`, `so`.
`enough` ସାଧାରଣତଃ adjective/adverb ପରେ ଆସେ।
Sentence Adverbs: ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ବାକ୍ୟ ବିଷୟରେ ଏକ ଦୃଷ୍ଟିକୋଣ ପ୍ରଦାନ କରେ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `Luckily`, `Unfortunately`, `Of course`, `certainly`, `probably`.
ସ୍ଥାନ: ସାଧାରଣତଃ ବାକ୍ୟର ଆରମ୍ଭରେ, କିମ୍ବା ମଝିରେ/ଶେଷରେ।
୪. Adverbs ର ଗଠନ (Form of the Adverb)
(a) କିଛି Adverbs ର କୌଣସି ବିଶେଷ ରୂପ ନାହିଁ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `soon`, `always`, `so`, `perhaps`, `never`, `just`, `yet`, `often`, `very`, `too`, `rather`।
(b) ଅଧିକାଂଶ Adverbs of Manner adjectives ରେ `-ly` ଯୋଗ କରି ଗଠିତ ହୁଏ।
Adjective: `quiet` → Adverb: `quietly`
Adjective: `slow` → Adverb: `slowly`
Adjective: `polite` → Adverb: `politely`
କିନ୍ତୁ, `friendly`, `silly`, `sickly`, `lovely`, `lively`, `fatherly`, `motherly`, `manly`, `womanly` ପରି `-ly` ରେ ଶେଷ ହେଉଥିବା adjectives କୁ adverb ରେ ପରିଣତ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଆମେ `in a + adjective + manner/fashion/way` ବ୍ୟବହାର କରୁ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `Pintoo behaves in a friendly manner.` (Pintoo behaves friendly ନୁହେଁ)
(c) କିଛି Adverbs `-ward` ରେ ଶେଷ ହୁଏ ଏବଂ ଦିଗ (direction) ଦର୍ଶାଏ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `backward`, `forward`, `homeward`, `onward`, `upward`, `downward`, `eastward`, `inward`, `outward`, `skyward`, `seaward`।
(d) କିଛି Adverbs `-wise` ରେ ଶେଷ ହୁଏ ଏବଂ ଢଙ୍ଗ (manner) କିମ୍ବା ଦିଗ (direction) ଦର୍ଶାଏ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `clockwise`, `breadthwise`, `classwise`।
(e) କିଛି Adverbs ଏକ noun କିମ୍ବା adjective ର ଆରମ୍ଭରେ `a-` ଯୋଗ କରି ଗଠିତ ହୁଏ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `afresh` (=again from the beginning), `aside` (=to one side), `aloud` (=loudly), `afar` (=from a far place), `along`, `across`, `ahead`, `around`, `abroad`, `awhile`।
ମନେରଖନ୍ତୁ: `about`, `aflame`, `afire`, `afloat`, `alive`, `awake` ପରି `a-` ରେ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହେଉଥିବା ସମସ୍ତ ଶବ୍ଦ Adverbs ନୁହଁନ୍ତି; ସେମାନେ adjectives କିମ୍ବା prepositions ହୋଇପାରନ୍ତି।
(f) କିଛି Adverbs of Manner ର adjectives ସହିତ ସମାନ ରୂପ ଥାଏ। ସେମାନଙ୍କରେ `-ly` ଯୋଗ କରାଯାଏ ନାହିଁ।
Adjective: `fast` → Adverb: `fast` (This train goes fast.)
Adjective: `hard` → Adverb: `hard` (He works hard.)
Adjective: `late` → Adverb: `late` (The bus arrived late today.)
ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ: `monthly`, `better`, `well`।
୫. Adverbials
Adverbials ହେଉଛି ଏକ ବ୍ୟାପକ ଶବ୍ଦ ଯାହା Adverbs, Adverb Phrases, Prepositional Phrases, ଏବଂ Noun Phrases କୁ ଅନ୍ତର୍ଭୁକ୍ତ କରେ ଯାହା Adverb ଭଳି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ କରେ।
Adverb Phrase: ଏକରୁ ଅଧିକ ଶବ୍ଦ ଥାଏ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `very slowly`, `wonderfully well`।
Prepositional Phrase: ଏକ preposition ସହିତ ଆରମ୍ଭ ହୁଏ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `in the park`, `at home`, `with a knife`।
Noun Phrase: ଏକ noun phrase ସମୟ କିମ୍ବା ସ୍ଥାନ ଦର୍ଶାଏ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `last Sunday`, `next door`, `this morning`।
୬. Adverbs ର ସ୍ଥାନ ଏବଂ କ୍ରମ (Position and Order of Adverbs)
Adverbs ର ସ୍ଥାନ ପାଇଁ କୌଣସି କଠୋର ନିୟମ ନାହିଁ। ସେମାନେ ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ତିନୋଟି ସ୍ଥାନରେ ରହିପାରନ୍ତି: front, mid, ଏବଂ end position।
୬.୧. Front Position (ବାକ୍ୟର ଆରମ୍ଭରେ)
Sentence adverbs (e.g., `Perhaps`, `Luckily`).
ଅଧିକାଂଶ Adverbs of Time (e.g., `Yesterday`, `Now`).
କିଛି Adverbs of Frequency (e.g., `Usually`, `Sometimes`)।
ବିଶେଷ ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱ ଦେବା ପାଇଁ Adverb of Manner (e.g., `Slowly he opened the door.`)।
ଯେତେବେଳେ `Never`, `Seldom`, `Hardly` ପରି negative adverbs ଆଗକୁ ଆସନ୍ତି, ବାକ୍ୟର ଗଠନ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନବାଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ ଭଳି ହୁଏ (auxiliary verb + subject + main verb)।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `Rarely have I come across such a sight.`
୬.୨. Mid Position (Verb ର ମଝିରେ)
ଯେତେବେଳେ ମୁଖ୍ୟ verb ଏକ `be` verb ହୁଏ, adverb ତା'ର ଠିକ୍ ପରେ ଆସେ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `They are really hardworking.`
ଯେତେବେଳେ ଏକ verb phrase ରେ ଦୁଇ କିମ୍ବା ଅଧିକ ଅଂଶ ଥାଏ (e.g., `has done`, `will be finished`), adverb ପ୍ରଥମ auxiliary verb ପରେ ଆସେ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `I have never seen a tiger.`
କିନ୍ତୁ, Adverbs of Manner ଏବଂ Degree ଦ୍ୱିତୀୟ auxiliary ପରେ ଆସନ୍ତି।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `I have been patiently waiting for him.`
ଯଦି ମୁଖ୍ୟ verb ଏକ `be` verb ନୁହେଁ, adverb ମୁଖ୍ୟ verb ର ଠିକ୍ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଆସେ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `He hardly does his work properly.`
୬.୩. End Position (ବାକ୍ୟର ଶେଷରେ)
ଅଧିକାଂଶ Adverbs of Manner, Place, Time, ଏବଂ ସଠିକ୍ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ଦର୍ଶାଉଥିବା Adverbs of Frequency ଏଠାରେ ଆସନ୍ତି।
ଯଦି verb ର କୌଣସି direct object ନଥାଏ, adverb verb ପରେ ଆସେ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `The children are playing happily.`
ଯଦି verb ର direct object ଥାଏ, adverb object ପରେ ଆସେ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `I met him yesterday.`
୬.୪. End Position ରେ Adverbs ର କ୍ରମ (Order of Adverbs in the End Position)
ଯେତେବେଳେ ଏକାଧିକ Adverbs ଶେଷରେ ଥାଏ, ସାଧାରଣ କ୍ରମ ହେଉଛି MPT (Manner, Place, Time)।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `She sang beautifully (M) in the town hall (P) last night (T).`
ଯଦି verb ଏକ ଗତିଶୀଳ verb (verb of movement) ହୁଏ ଯାହା ଏକ ଗନ୍ତବ୍ୟସ୍ଥଳ (destination) ଆବଶ୍ୟକ କରେ (e.g., `go`, `come`, `send`, `arrive`), କ୍ରମ PMT (Place, Manner, Time) ରେ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ ହୁଏ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `We reached home (P) safely (M) yesterday (T).`
ଯେତେବେଳେ ଦୁଇ କିମ୍ବା ଅଧିକ Adverbs of Time/Place ଶେଷରେ ଥାଏ, ଛୋଟ ଏକକ (smaller unit) ବଡ଼ ଏକକ (larger unit) ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଆସେ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `Meet me at 11.30 (smaller time) on Monday next week (larger time).`
୭. Focus Adverbs (even, only, just, simply, etc.)
ଏହି Adverbs ଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଥିବା ଶବ୍ଦ ଉପରେ ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱ ଦିଅନ୍ତି। ସେମାନଙ୍କର ସ୍ଥାନ ବାକ୍ୟର ଅର୍ଥକୁ ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରିପାରେ।
ଉଦାହରଣ:
`Only I met the boys at school.` (= nobody except me met the boys)
`I only met the boys at school.` (= I only met them but did not do anything else.)
`I met only the boys at school.` (= I met only the boys, not the girls or others.)
୮. Adverbs ର ତୁଳନା (Comparison of Adverbs)
Adverbs ର ମଧ୍ୟ Adjectives ଭଳି positive, comparative, ଏବଂ superlative ରୂପ ଥାଏ।
୮.୧. Regular Comparisons:
(i) `-ly` ରେ ଶେଷ ହେଉଥିବା Adverbs ପାଇଁ `more` ଏବଂ `most` ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ।
Positive: `cleverly` → Comparative: `more cleverly` → Superlative: `most cleverly`
(ii) Adjectives ସହିତ ସମାନ ରୂପ ଥିବା Adverbs ପାଇଁ `-er` ଏବଂ `-est` ଯୋଗ କରାଯାଏ।
Positive: `fast` → Comparative: `faster` → Superlative: `fastest`
Positive: `early` → Comparative: `earlier` → Superlative: `earliest`
୮.୨. Irregular Comparisons:
`well` → `better` → `best`
`badly` → `worse` → `worst`
`far` → `farther/further` → `farthest/furthest`
`little` → `less` → `least`
`much` → `more` → `most`
୯. କିଛି ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ Adverbs ର ବ୍ୟବହାର (Use of some Adverbs)
୯.୧. Yet, Still, Already
Yet: ପ୍ରଶ୍ନବାଚକ ଏବଂ ନକାରାତ୍ମକ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ, ସାଧାରଣତଃ ବାକ୍ୟର ଶେଷରେ ଆସେ। ଏହା ଏକ ଆଶା କରାଯାଉଥିବା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ବିଷୟରେ କୁହେ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `They haven't posted the letter yet.` `Has the postman come yet?`
Still: କିଛି ଚାଲୁ ରହିଛି ବୋଲି କହିବାକୁ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ। ସାଧାରଣତଃ mid position ରେ ଆସେ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `Are you still working?` `Bishnu still hasn't finished eating.`
Already: 'before now' ଅର୍ଥରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ। ପ୍ରଶ୍ନବାଚକ ଏବଂ ସକାରାତ୍ମକ ବାକ୍ୟରେ mid କିମ୍ବା end position ରେ ଆସେ। ନକାରାତ୍ମକ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ ନାହିଁ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `Has he already eaten his lunch?` `They have already returned home.`
୯.୨. No longer, Any longer, Any more
ଏହି Adverbs ଗୁଡ଼ିକ କିଛି ଶେଷ ହୋଇଯାଇଛି ବୋଲି ସୂଚାଏ।
No longer: ନକାରାତ୍ମକ ଅର୍ଥ ଥାଏ ଏବଂ mid position ରେ ଆସେ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `I no longer live in Sundargarh.`
Any longer / Any more: ନକାରାତ୍ମକ ବାକ୍ୟର ଶେଷରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `I do not live in Bhubaneswar any longer / any more.`
୯.୩. Ago
ସାଧାରଣତଃ simple past ରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ, ଏକ ସମୟ ଅଭିବ୍ୟକ୍ତି ପରେ, କିଛି କେତେ ଦିନ ପୂର୍ବରୁ ଘଟିଥିଲା ତାହା ଦର୍ଶାଇବା ପାଇଁ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `I met her ten years ago.`
୯.୪. Never, ever, seldom, scarcely, hardly
ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ negative adverbs, ଯାହାର ଅର୍ଥ 'almost not' (ପ୍ରାୟ ନୁହେଁ)। ସାଧାରଣତଃ mid position ରେ ଆସନ୍ତି।
Ever: ନକାରାତ୍ମକ ଏବଂ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନବାଚକ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `I have never seen Gandhi in my life.` `Have you ever been to Delhi?`
ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱ ଦେବା ପାଇଁ ଏହି Adverbs ଗୁଡ଼ିକ front position ରେ ଆସିପାରନ୍ତି, ଏବଂ ବାକ୍ୟର ଗଠନ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନବାଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ ଭଳି ହୁଏ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `Never did he obey any order.`
୯.୫. Quite, too, so
ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ Adverbs of Degree। ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ adjectives କିମ୍ବା adverbs ପରେ ଆସନ୍ତି।
So: ପ୍ରାୟତଃ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନବାଚକ ଏବଂ ନକାରାତ୍ମକ ବାକ୍ୟରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `Why are you so happy?` `The music is too loud.` `He is quite satisfied.`
୯.୬. Enough
ଅନ୍ୟ Adverbs ଠାରୁ ଭିନ୍ନ, `enough` verbs, adjectives, ଏବଂ adverbs କୁ modify କରିବା ପାଇଁ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ପରେ ବ୍ୟବହୃତ ହୁଏ।
ଉଦାହରଣ: `You did not run quickly enough to catch the train.` (adverb ପରେ)
`He is smart enough to win the prize.` (adjective ପରେ)
`You had not been trained enough for the game.` (verb ପରେ)
୩. ପାଠ୍ୟପୁସ୍ତକ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନାବଳୀର ୧୦୦% ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସମାଧାନ (100% Complete Solved Exercises)
Activity 1:
Underline and name the adverbs in the following sentences.
1. We looked carefully at the man.
Adverb: carefully (Adverb of Manner)
2. Suddenly we heard a noise.
Adverb: Suddenly (Adverb of Manner / Sentence Adverb)
3. She spoke in a friendly way.
Adverbial: in a friendly way (Adverbial of Manner)
4. They worked really hard.
Adverb: hard (Adverb of Manner)
5. We played till evening.
Adverbial: till evening (Adverbial of Time)
6. They are quite tired.
Adverb: quite (Adverb of Degree)
7. I have never seen him earlier.
Adverb: never (Adverb of Frequency)
Adverb: earlier (Adverb of Time)
8. Luckily we won the match.
Adverb: Luckily (Sentence Adverb)
9. Sometimes they are irregular.
Adverb: Sometimes (Adverb of Frequency)
10. We reached home early yesterday.
Adverb: early (Adverb of Time)
Adverb: yesterday (Adverb of Time)
Activity 2:
Change the word in brackets into an adverb and use it in the blank spaces.
1. We did the sum quickly. (quick)
2. Meera danced fairly well. (fair)
3. We waited there patiently. (patient)
4. Luckily we escaped unhurt. (lucky)
5. She is probably a dancer. (probable)
6. It is terribly cold here. (terrible)
7. He certainly looks better today. (certain)
8. The baby slept quietly. (quiet)
9. I am fully satisfied with you. (full)
10. Walk on the road carefully. (careful)
Activity 3:
Fill in the blanks choosing from the pair in brackets.
1. This work is very easy. We finished it easily. (easy / easily)
Explanation: 'easy' describes the work (adjective). 'easily' describes how it was finished (adverb).
2. Mama drew a beautiful picture. (beautiful / beautifully)
Explanation: 'beautiful' describes the picture (adjective).
3. The children were happy. They played happily. (happy / happily)
Explanation: 'happy' describes the children (adjective). 'happily' describes how they played (adverb).
4. I met him unexpectedly. My meeting with the man was quite unexpected. (unexpected / unexpectedly)
Explanation: 'unexpectedly' describes how I met him (adverb). 'unexpected' describes the meeting (adjective).
5. The old woman was weeping sadly. She looked very sad. (sad / sadly)
Explanation: 'sadly' describes how she was weeping (adverb). 'sad' describes how she looked (adjective, after link verb 'looked').
6. I am working very hard. (hard / hardly)
Explanation: 'hard' here is an adverb describing 'working'. 'Hardly' means 'almost not'.
Activity 4:
Fill in the blanks choosing from the pairs of adverbs in the box below.
(late/lately, hard/hardly, short/shortly, high/highly, free/freely)
1. We reached school very late.
2. They worked hard to finish the work in time.
3. The meeting will be held shortly.
4. Birds can fly very high.
5. The poor man got the food free.
Activity 5:
Say whether the italicized words are adverbs or adjectives.
1. His house is very near.
Adverb (describes 'is', indicating proximity)
2. Our examination is drawing near.
Adverb (describes 'drawing', indicating approach)
3. We were driving along a very wide road.
Adjective (describes 'road')
4. Open your mouth wide.
Adverb (describes 'open', how to open)
5. He looks better today.
Adjective (describes 'He', after link verb 'looks')
6. Pranati can sing better.
Adverb (describes 'sing', how she sings)
Activity 6:
Use the adverbs given in brackets in their right places.
1. He would certainly help me. (certainly)
Explanation: 'certainly' is a sentence adverb, often placed in mid-position before the main verb or after the auxiliary.
2. Have you ever been to Rourkela? (ever)
Explanation: 'ever' is an adverb of frequency, placed after the auxiliary verb in a question.
3. Tipu is usually late for school. (usually)
Explanation: 'usually' is an adverb of frequency, placed after the 'be' verb.
4. She can paint extremely well. (extremely)
Explanation: 'extremely' is an adverb of degree, modifying the adverb 'well'. It comes before the adverb it modifies.
5. My tooth is really aching. (really)
Explanation: 'really' is an adverb of degree, modifying the verb 'aching'. It comes before the main verb.
Activity 7:
Put the adverbs given in the brackets in their right-order.
1. Govinda has been waiting patiently for an hour.
Explanation: Manner (patiently) comes before Time (for an hour).
2. I went there quickly.
Explanation: Place (there) comes before Manner (quickly) if it's a verb of movement, but here 'quickly' describes 'went' and 'there' is the destination. The standard MPT order would be 'quickly there', but for verbs of movement, PMT is preferred. However, if 'there' is just a place adverb, and 'quickly' is manner, MPT is more common. Let's stick to the MPT/PMT rule. 'Went' is a verb of movement, so PMT. But 'there' is a general place, not a specific destination. Let's re-evaluate. If 'there' is the destination, it should be PMT. If 'quickly' is how he went, and 'there' is just where, then MPT. The textbook example for PMT is "We reached home safely yesterday" (home is a destination). "I went there quickly" - 'there' is the destination. So PMT: I went there quickly.
3. She ran quickly into the room.
Explanation: Manner (quickly) before Place (into the room).
4. Ramesh spoke nervously in the meeting this morning.
Explanation: Manner (nervously), Place (in the meeting), Time (this morning). MPT.
5. Father called me angrily into his room.
Explanation: Manner (angrily), Place (into his room). MP.
6. It rained heavily in the evening at 6 o'clock.
Explanation: Manner (heavily), Time (in the evening), Time (at 6 o'clock). Smaller time unit (at 6 o'clock) comes before larger time unit (in the evening). So, It rained heavily at 6 o'clock in the evening.
7. Leela rested peacefully in her bed until evening.
Explanation: Manner (peacefully), Place (in her bed), Time (until evening). MPT.
8. I saw her accidentally in a shop in Cuttack.
Explanation: Manner (accidentally), Place (in a shop), Place (in Cuttack). Smaller place unit (in a shop) before larger place unit (in Cuttack). So, I saw her accidentally in a shop in Cuttack.
9. The car turned left towards the school.
Explanation: Direction (left), Direction (towards the school). 'Left' is a direction adverb, 'towards the school' is a prepositional phrase indicating direction. The order is generally specific direction then broader direction. So, The car turned left towards the school.
10. Why was the child crying so loudly in the garden a while ago?
Explanation: Manner (so loudly), Place (in the garden), Time (a while ago). MPT.
Activity 8:
Put the adverbs in their right places and fill in the blanks:
1. I usually like to go home by four o'clock.
Explanation: 'usually' (frequency) mid-position. 'home' (place, destination for 'go'), 'by four o'clock' (time). PMT for verb of movement.
2. I always work much faster in the morning.
Explanation: 'always' (frequency) mid-position. 'much faster' (manner), 'in the morning' (time). MT.
3. He seldom behaves so carelessly at work.
Explanation: 'seldom' (frequency) mid-position. 'so carelessly' (manner), 'at work' (place). MP.
4. We normally go to school every day at 10 o'clock.
Explanation: 'normally' (frequency) mid-position. 'to school' (place, destination for 'go'), 'every day' (time, larger unit), 'at 10 o'clock' (time, smaller unit). PMT, with smaller time before larger time.
5. She occasionally comes to my house these days.
Explanation: 'occasionally' (frequency) mid-position. 'to my house' (place, destination for 'comes'), 'these days' (time). PT.
Activity 9:
Rewrite the following sentences putting the adverbs italicized at the beginning. The first one is done for you.
1. My friend rarely visits movies.
Rarely does my friend visit movies.
Explanation: Inversion with negative adverb 'rarely'. Auxiliary 'does' comes before subject 'my friend'.
2. He seldom writes to me.
Seldom does he write to me.
Explanation: Inversion with negative adverb 'seldom'. Auxiliary 'does' comes before subject 'he'.
3. I understood only then what he meant.
Only then did I understand what he meant.
Explanation: Inversion with 'only then'. Auxiliary 'did' comes before subject 'I'.
4. They could nowhere find a better instructor.
Nowhere could they find a better instructor.
Explanation: Inversion with negative adverb 'nowhere'. Auxiliary 'could' comes before subject 'they'.
5. I heard about this dreadful news only today.
Only today did I hear about this dreadful news.
Explanation: Inversion with 'only today'. Auxiliary 'did' comes before subject 'I'.
6. My wife no sooner got home than it rained.
No sooner did my wife get home than it rained.
Explanation: Inversion with 'no sooner'. Auxiliary 'did' comes before subject 'my wife'.
୪. ବୋର୍ଡ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ମାଷ୍ଟ୍ରି ଟିପ୍ସ ଓ ସାଧାରଣ ଭୁଲ୍ (Board Exam Tips & Pitfalls)
ବୋର୍ଡ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ମାଷ୍ଟ୍ରି ଟିପ୍ସ (Board Exam Mastery Tips):
୧. ମୂଳ ଧାରଣା ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ କରନ୍ତୁ (Clarify Core Concepts): Adverb କ'ଣ, ଏହା କାହାକୁ modify କରେ ଏବଂ ଏହା Adjective ଠାରୁ କିପରି ଭିନ୍ନ, ତାହା ଭଲ ଭାବରେ ବୁଝନ୍ତୁ। Link verbs ପରେ Adjective ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବାର ନିୟମକୁ ମନେରଖନ୍ତୁ।
୨. Wh-Questions ସହିତ ସମ୍ପର୍କ (Relate to Wh-Questions): Adverbs of Manner, Time, Place, Frequency କେଉଁ wh-question (how, when, where, how often) ର ଉତ୍ତର ଦିଅନ୍ତି, ତାହା ମନେରଖିଲେ Adverb ର ପ୍ରକାର ଚିହ୍ନଟ କରିବା ସହଜ ହୁଏ।
୩. Adverb ଗଠନ ନିୟମ (Adverb Formation Rules):
`-ly` ଯୋଗ କରିବା (e.g., quick → quickly)
`-ly` ରେ ଶେଷ ହେଉଥିବା Adjectives ପାଇଁ `in a ... manner/way` ବ୍ୟବହାର କରିବା (e.g., friendly → in a friendly manner)
ସମାନ ରୂପ ଥିବା Adverbs (e.g., fast, hard, late)
`-ward`, `-wise`, `a-` ପ୍ରିଫିକ୍ସ ଥିବା Adverbs
ଏହି ନିୟମଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଭଲ ଭାବରେ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ କରନ୍ତୁ।
୪. Adverbs ର ସ୍ଥାନ (Position of Adverbs): Front, Mid, ଏବଂ End position ରେ Adverbs ର ବ୍ୟବହାର ଏବଂ ନିୟମଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ମନେରଖନ୍ତୁ। ବିଶେଷକରି:
`be` verb ପରେ, auxiliary verb ପରେ, କିମ୍ବା ମୁଖ୍ୟ verb ପୂର୍ବରୁ Adverbs of Frequency ର ସ୍ଥାନ।
`enough` ସର୍ବଦା adjective/adverb ପରେ ଆସେ।
Sentence adverbs ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଆରମ୍ଭରେ ଆସନ୍ତି।
୫. Adverbs ର କ୍ରମ (Order of Adverbs): ଏକାଧିକ Adverbs ଥିଲେ MPT (Manner, Place, Time) ଏବଂ PMT (Place, Manner, Time) ନିୟମକୁ ଭଲ ଭାବରେ ବୁଝନ୍ତୁ ଏବଂ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ କରନ୍ତୁ। ଗତିଶୀଳ verb (verb of movement) ପାଇଁ PMT ବ୍ୟବହାର କରାଯାଏ।
୬. Focus Adverbs (only, even, just): ଏହି Adverbs ର ସ୍ଥାନ ବାକ୍ୟର ଅର୍ଥକୁ କିପରି ପରିବର୍ତ୍ତନ କରେ, ତାହା ଉଦାହରଣ ସହିତ ବୁଝନ୍ତୁ। ଏହା ବାକ୍ୟର ଅର୍ଥକୁ ସଠିକ୍ ଭାବରେ ବ୍ୟାଖ୍ୟା କରିବାରେ ସାହାଯ୍ୟ କରିବ।
୭. Adverbs ର ତୁଳନା (Comparison of Adverbs): Regular (-er/-est, more/most) ଏବଂ Irregular (well/better/best) Adverbs ର ତୁଳନାତ୍ମକ ରୂପଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ମନେରଖନ୍ତୁ।
୮. ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ Adverbs ର ବ୍ୟବହାର (Usage of Specific Adverbs): `Yet`, `Still`, `Already`, `No longer`, `Ago`, `Never`, `Hardly` ପରି Adverbs ର ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ବ୍ୟବହାର ଏବଂ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ସ୍ଥାନ ଉପରେ ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱ ଦିଅନ୍ତୁ। ବିଶେଷକରି negative adverbs ଆରମ୍ଭରେ ଆସିଲେ inversion (ପ୍ରଶ୍ନବାଚକ ବାକ୍ୟ ଗଠନ) ହୁଏ, ତାହା ମନେରଖନ୍ତୁ।
୯. ଅଭ୍ୟାସ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନାବଳୀର ସମାଧାନ (Solve Exercises Thoroughly): ପାଠ୍ୟପୁସ୍ତକରେ ଥିବା ସମସ୍ତ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନକୁ ବାରମ୍ବାର ସମାଧାନ କରନ୍ତୁ। ଏହା ଆପଣଙ୍କର ଧାରଣାକୁ ମଜବୁତ କରିବ।
ସାଧାରଣ ଭୁଲ୍ (Common Pitfalls):
୧. Adjective ଏବଂ Adverb ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଦ୍ୱନ୍ଦ୍ୱ (Confusing Adjectives and Adverbs):
ଭୁଲ୍: He felt happily.
ସଠିକ୍: He felt happy. (Link verb 'felt' ପରେ adjective)
ଭୁଲ୍: She sings good.
ସଠିକ୍: She sings well. ('sings' verb କୁ modify କରୁଥିବାରୁ adverb 'well' ବ୍ୟବହାର ହେବ)
୨. `-ly` ଯୋଗ କରିବାରେ ଭୁଲ୍ (Incorrectly Adding -ly):
`friendly` ପରି `-ly` ରେ ଶେଷ ହେଉଥିବା adjectives କୁ adverb ରେ ପରିଣତ କରିବା ପାଇଁ `friendly` କୁ `friendlily` କରିବା ଭୁଲ୍।
ସଠିକ୍: `in a friendly manner`.
୩. `enough` ର ସ୍ଥାନ (Placement of 'enough'):
ଭୁଲ୍: He is enough smart.
ସଠିକ୍: He is smart enough. (`enough` adjective/adverb ପରେ ଆସେ)
୪. Adverbs ର କ୍ରମରେ ଭୁଲ୍ (Incorrect Order of Adverbs):
ଭୁଲ୍: She sang last night beautifully in the town hall.
ସଠିକ୍: She sang beautifully in the town hall last night. (MPT order)
ଭୁଲ୍: We reached safely home yesterday.
ସଠିକ୍: We reached home safely yesterday. (PMT order for verb of movement)
୫. Negative Adverbs ସହିତ Inversion ଭୁଲ୍ (Missing Inversion with Negative Adverbs):
ଭୁଲ୍: Rarely my friend visits movies.
ସଠିକ୍: Rarely does my friend visit movies. (Negative adverb ଆରମ୍ଭରେ ଆସିଲେ inversion ହୁଏ)
୬. `hard` ଏବଂ `hardly` ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟ (Confusing 'hard' and 'hardly'):
`hard` ଏକ adverb (କଠିନ ପରିଶ୍ରମ) ଏବଂ adjective (କଠିନ)।
`hardly` ର ଅର୍ଥ 'almost not' (ପ୍ରାୟ ନୁହେଁ)।
ଭୁଲ୍: He hardly works. (ଯଦି ଅର୍ଥ 'ସେ କଠିନ ପରିଶ୍ରମ କରେ')
ସଠିକ୍: He works hard.
ସଠିକ୍: He hardly works. (ଯଦି ଅର୍ଥ 'ସେ ପ୍ରାୟ କାମ କରେ ନାହିଁ')
୭. `late` ଏବଂ `lately` ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟ (Confusing 'late' and 'lately'):
`late` (ବିଳମ୍ବରେ) ଏକ adverb ଏବଂ adjective।
`lately` (ସମ୍ପ୍ରତି) ଏକ adverb।
ଭୁଲ୍: I arrived lately. (ଯଦି ଅର୍ଥ 'ମୁଁ ବିଳମ୍ବରେ ପହଞ୍ଚିଲି')
ସଠିକ୍: I arrived late.
ଏହି ଟିପ୍ସ ଏବଂ ସାଧାରଣ ଭୁଲଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଧ୍ୟାନରେ ରଖିଲେ, ଆପଣ Adverbs ଏବଂ Adverbials ଉପରେ ପରୀକ୍ଷାରେ ଭଲ ପ୍ରଦର୍ଶନ କରିପାରିବେ।
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(ନୋଟ୍ସ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତି: ଉତ୍କଳ ସ୍କିଲ୍ ସେଣ୍ଟର - BSE Odisha 100% Full Textbook Master Edition)