BSE ODISHA CLASS 9 • UTKAL MASTER STROKE
ବୋର୍ଡ ଅଫ୍ ସେକେଣ୍ଡାରୀ ଏଜୁକେସନ୍ (BSE Odisha) — ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅଧ୍ୟାୟ ମାଷ୍ଟର ନୋଟ୍ସ
ଶ୍ରେଣୀ: Class 9 | ବିଷୟ: English Grammar
ଅଧ୍ୟାୟ: Class9 EngGram Ch12 The Predicate Phrase
୧. ଅଧ୍ୟାୟର ସାରାଂଶ ଓ ମାଇଣ୍ଡ ମ୍ୟାପ୍ (Mind Map & Conceptual Architecture)
୧.୧ ଅଧ୍ୟାୟର ସାରାଂଶ (Chapter Summary)
This chapter introduces students to the concept of the Predicate Phrase in English grammar. The predicate is the part of a sentence that contains the verb and states something about the subject. It explains that predicate phrases can be broadly categorized into two types based on the verb: Intransitive and Transitive patterns.
The core objective is to help students identify the main verb and its associated elements such as objects, complements, and adjuncts within the predicate phrase. It delves into various predicate patterns like Subject + Verb (S+V), Subject + Verb + Complement (S+V+C), Subject + Verb + Object (S+V+O), Subject + Verb + Indirect Object + Direct Object (S+V+O+O), Subject + Verb + Object + Complement (S+V+O+C), and Subject + Verb + Adjunct (S+V+A). The chapter also clarifies the distinction between transitive and intransitive verbs, and how to differentiate between objects and complements. Special attention is given to the interchanging of direct and indirect objects and the optional nature of adjuncts.
୧.୨ ମାଇଣ୍ଡ ମ୍ୟାପ୍ (Mind Map & Conceptual Architecture)
```
The Predicate Phrase
│
┌───────────────────────────┴───────────────────────────┐
│ │
Intransitive Patterns Transitive Patterns
│ │
├───────────────────────────┐ ├───────────────────────────┐
│ │ │ │
VG + (Adjunct) VG + Complement + (Adjunct) VG + Object + (Adjunct) VG + Object + Object + (Adjunct)
(S + V + A) (S + V + C + A) (S + V + O + A) (S + V + O + O + A)
│ │
└───────────────────────────┐
│
VG + Object + Complement + (Adjunct)
(S + V + O + C + A)
Key Elements:
VG: Verb Group (Main Verb)
Obj: Object (Direct or Indirect)
Comp: Complement (Subject Complement or Object Complement)
Adjunct: Optional element adding extra meaning (e.g., time, place, manner)
Verb Types:
Intransitive Verb (Vi): Does not take an object.
Transitive Verb (Vt): Takes one or more objects.
Object Types:
Direct Object: Receives the action directly.
Indirect Object: To whom or for whom the action is performed.
Complement Types:
Subject Complement: Describes or renames the subject.
Object Complement: Describes or renames the object.
```
୨. ମୁଖ୍ୟ ବିଷୟବସ୍ତୁ, ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ଓ ଗାଣିତିକ ସୂତ୍ରାବଳୀ (Comprehensive Theory & Formulas)
୨.୧ Predicate Phrase: ପରିଚୟ (Introduction)
The predicate phrase is the part of a sentence that tells us what the subject does or what is said about the subject. It always contains a verb and may include objects, complements, and adjuncts.
୨.୨ Transitive and Intransitive Verbs: ସଂଜ୍ଞା ଓ ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟ (Definitions and Distinction)
Verbs are broadly classified into two types based on whether they take an object or not:
୧. Intransitive Verbs (Vi): These verbs do not require an object to complete their meaning. They express a complete action or state by themselves.
ଉଦାହରଣ (Examples):
The girl is nice. (Here, 'is' is a linking verb, but the sentence structure is S+V+C, where 'nice' is a complement, not an object. The verb 'is' itself doesn't take an object.)
The girl is laughing. ('is laughing' is an intransitive verb phrase.)
Wind blew.
Babies cry.
୨. Transitive Verbs (Vt): These verbs require one or more objects to complete their meaning. The action of the verb is passed from the subject to the object.
ଉଦାହରଣ (Examples):
The girl bought a pen. ('bought' is transitive, 'a pen' is the object.)
She presented it to her brother. ('presented' is transitive, 'it' is the object.)
The baby broke the toy.
Swati writes poems.
୨.୩ Predicate Phrase Patterns: ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାର (Various Types)
The predicate phrase can follow several patterns, which are determined by the verb and the elements that follow it.
୨.୩.୧ Intransitive Patterns:
These patterns involve intransitive verbs.
୧. VG + (Adjunct) or S + V + (A):
The verb is intransitive and may be followed by an optional adjunct.
ଉଦାହରଣ (Examples):
The man died yesterday. (VG: died, Adjunct: yesterday)
The man is walking slowly. (VG: is walking, Adjunct: slowly)
He left just now. (VG: left, Adjunct: just now)
୨. VG + Complement + (Adjunct) or S + V + C + (A):
The verb is a linking verb (e.g., 'be' verbs, 'become', 'seem', 'appear', 'grow', 'look', 'taste', 'smell', 'feel') and is followed by a complement, which describes or renames the subject. An adjunct may optionally follow.
Complement (C): Can be a single noun, noun phrase, adjective, adjective phrase, adverb, adverb phrase, or prepositional phrase.
ଉଦାହରଣ (Examples):
The girl is nice. (VG: is, Complement: nice (adjective))
Sachin was the captain a few years ago. (VG: was, Complement: the captain (noun phrase), Adjunct: a few years ago)
My brother was a teacher. (VG: was, Complement: a teacher (noun phrase))
She is intelligent. (VG: is, Complement: intelligent (adjective phrase))
Usharani is here. (VG: is, Complement: here (adverb phrase))
He looks tired. (VG: looks, Complement: tired (adjective))
Rama became an officer. (VG: became, Complement: an officer (noun phrase))
୨.୩.୨ Transitive Patterns:
These patterns involve transitive verbs, which take one or more objects.
୧. VG + Object + (Adjunct) or S + V + O + (A):
The verb is transitive and is followed by a direct object. An adjunct may optionally follow.
Object (O): The noun or pronoun that receives the action of the verb.
ଉଦାହରଣ (Examples):
The girl bought a pen. (VG: bought, Object: a pen)
I am writing the lesson now. (VG: am writing, Object: the lesson, Adjunct: now)
The baby broke the toy. (VG: broke, Object: the toy)
Swati writes poems. (VG: writes, Object: poems)
୨. VG + Object + Object + (Adjunct) or S + V + O + O + (A):
The verb is transitive and is followed by two objects: an indirect object and a direct object. An adjunct may optionally follow.
Indirect Object (IO): The recipient of the direct object. It usually answers "to whom?" or "for whom?" the action is performed. It typically comes before the direct object.
Direct Object (DO): The thing or person directly affected by the verb's action. It usually answers "what?" or "whom?".
ଉଦାହରଣ (Examples):
She presented it to her brother. (VG: presented, DO: it, IO: her brother - Note: 'to her brother' is a prepositional phrase here, but 'her brother' is the indirect object concept. If written as "She presented her brother it", 'her brother' would be the IO and 'it' the DO.)
He is teaching me grammar now. (VG: is teaching, IO: me, DO: grammar, Adjunct: now)
Barsha offered me a nice gift. (VG: offered, IO: me, DO: a nice gift)
My brother wrote me a letter. (VG: wrote, IO: me, DO: a letter)
Interchanging Objects:
When there are two objects, the indirect object usually comes first.
The order can be changed by placing the direct object first and then the indirect object, usually with a preposition ('to' or 'for').
Rule: Indirect Object + Direct Object → Direct Object + to/for + Indirect Object
ଉଦାହରଣ (Examples):
I gave him a book. (IO: him, DO: a book)
I gave a book to him. (DO: a book, IO: him, with 'to')
I bought her a frock. (IO: her, DO: a frock)
I bought a frock for her. (DO: a frock, IO: her, with 'for')
Important Notes:
A direct object cannot be dropped from the sentence without changing its meaning or making it ungrammatical.
Both direct and indirect objects can become the subject in a passive voice construction.
୩. VG + Object + Complement + (Adjunct) or S + V + O + C + (A):
The verb is transitive and is followed by a direct object and an object complement. An adjunct may optionally follow.
Object Complement (OC): Describes or renames the direct object. It can be a noun, noun phrase, adjective, or adjective phrase.
ଉଦାହରଣ (Examples):
The driver kept the car in the garage yesterday. (VG: kept, Object: the car, Complement: in the garage (prepositional phrase describing the state/location of the car), Adjunct: yesterday)
The clerk put the file on the table. (VG: put, Object: the file, Complement: on the table (prepositional phrase describing the location of the file))
We call Gandhiji the Father of Nation. (VG: call, Object: Gandhiji, Complement: the Father of Nation (noun phrase renaming Gandhiji))
Everyone called him Sunny. (VG: called, Object: him, Complement: Sunny (noun renaming him))
୨.୪ Adjuncts: ଅତିରିକ୍ତ ସୂଚନା (Additional Information)
An adjunct is an optional element in a sentence that adds extra meaning (e.g., about time, place, manner, reason).
It can be dropped from the sentence without making it ungrammatical, though the meaning might be less specific.
Adjuncts are often adverbs, adverb phrases, or prepositional phrases.
The position of adjuncts in a sentence can often be changed.
ଉଦାହରଣ (Examples):
He met me today. (Adjunct: today)
Today, he met me.
The baby is always crying. (Adjunct: always)
Always the baby is crying.
୨.୫ S + V Pattern: ସରଳତମ ବାକ୍ୟ ଗଠନ (Simplest Sentence Structure)
This is the most basic predicate pattern where the subject is followed by an intransitive verb.
ଉଦାହରଣ (Examples):
Wind blew.
Fire burns.
Babies cry.
୩. ପାଠ୍ୟପୁସ୍ତକ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନାବଳୀର ୧୦୦% ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସମାଧାନ (100% Complete Solved Exercises)
Activity 1:
Underline the Main verb (M.V.) and say whether it is Transitive (Vt) or Intransitive (Vi).
1. John is playing outside.
Main Verb: is playing
Type: Intransitive (Vi) - It does not take an object. 'outside' is an adjunct of place.
2. Children like sweets very much.
Main Verb: like
Type: Transitive (Vt) - It takes 'sweets' as its direct object.
3. He has changed a lot.
Main Verb: has changed
Type: Transitive (Vt) - It takes 'a lot' (meaning 'many things' or 'his ways') as its object. If 'changed' refers to a personal transformation without an explicit object, it can be intransitive (e.g., "He has changed."). However, in this context, 'a lot' functions as an object or object-like phrase. Given the textbook's examples, it's likely intended as transitive here.
4. Barsha offered me a nice gift.
Main Verb: offered
Type: Transitive (Vt) - It takes 'me' (indirect object) and 'a nice gift' (direct object).
5. Little men desire high posts.
Main Verb: desire
Type: Transitive (Vt) - It takes 'high posts' as its direct object.
Activity 2:
Interchange the objects using 'to' or 'for'.
1. The chief guest offered me a prize.
Solution: The chief guest offered a prize to me.
2. Fetch me a glass of water.
Solution: Fetch a glass of water for me.
3. Chumki sent Sunita and Tapan her best wishes.
Solution: Chumki sent her best wishes to Sunita and Tapan.
4. Trees give us plenty of valuable things.
Solution: Trees give plenty of valuable things to us.
5. Please bring me the book of the latest edition.
Solution: Please bring the book of the latest edition for me.
Activity 3:
Find out the objects and complements in the following sentences.
1. Sita looks fine.
Complement: fine (adjective describing Sita)
2. Ramababu is a nice gentleman.
Complement: a nice gentleman (noun phrase renaming Ramababu)
3. Padminee plays chess.
Object: chess (noun receiving the action of 'plays')
4. Trees grow well in spring.
Analysis: 'well' is an adverbial adjunct of manner. 'in spring' is a prepositional phrase acting as an adjunct of time. Neither is an object nor a complement as defined by the S+V+O or S+V+C patterns in this chapter.
Solution: No object or complement.
5. They are making a plan.
Object: a plan (noun phrase receiving the action of 'making')
6. Rabi is looking at the sky.
Analysis: 'at the sky' is a prepositional phrase acting as an adjunct of place. The verb 'look' here is intransitive (or part of a phrasal verb 'look at'). It does not take an object or a complement in the S+V+C sense.
Solution: No object or complement.
7. He is sitting on a string charpoy.
Analysis: 'on a string charpoy' is a prepositional phrase acting as an adjunct of place. The verb 'is sitting' is intransitive.
Solution: No object or complement.
8. The court rejected her appeal.
Object: her appeal (noun phrase receiving the action of 'rejected')
9. Her questions often puzzle me.
Object: me (pronoun receiving the action of 'puzzle')
10. I like green vegetables.
Object: green vegetables (noun phrase receiving the action of 'like')
Activity 4:
Identify the adjuncts and complements in the following sentences.
1. This pen costs twenty rupees.
Complement: twenty rupees (describes the cost of 'this pen')
2. My brother usually writes poems.
Adjunct: usually (adverb of frequency)
3. Gopabandhu is an eloquent speaker.
Complement: an eloquent speaker (noun phrase renaming Gopabandhu)
4. My friend got first division in the exam.
Adjunct: in the exam (prepositional phrase of place/context)
5. He became weak in a few days.
Complement: weak (adjective describing 'He')
Adjunct: in a few days (prepositional phrase of time)
6. Meera appears foolish.
Complement: foolish (adjective describing Meera)
7. The man has ten acres of land in our village.
Adjunct: in our village (prepositional phrase of place)
8. He was still in a state of shock.
Adjunct: still (adverb of time/duration)
Complement: in a state of shock (prepositional phrase describing 'He')
9. The dog is at the front gate.
Complement: at the front gate (prepositional phrase describing the location of 'The dog')
10. He rejected my proposals outright.
Adjunct: outright (adverb of manner)
Activity 5:
Which Noun Phrases in the following sentences work as objects and which are the complements?
1. Economics is my favourite subject.
my favourite subject: Complement (renames 'Economics')
2. My friend never tells a lie.
a lie: Object (direct object of 'tells')
3. An honourable man never betrays his friends.
his friends: Object (direct object of 'betrays')
4. We call Gandhiji the Father of Nation.
Gandhiji: Object (direct object of 'call')
the Father of Nation: Complement (object complement, renames 'Gandhiji')
5. Everyone called him Sunny.
him: Object (direct object of 'called')
Sunny: Complement (object complement, renames 'him')
6. She gives her children expensive presents.
her children: Object (indirect object of 'gives')
expensive presents: Object (direct object of 'gives')
7. The students selected Bakul their monitor.
Bakul: Object (direct object of 'selected')
their monitor: Complement (object complement, renames 'Bakul')
8. My father tasted the curry.
the curry: Object (direct object of 'tasted')
9. None but the brave deserves the fair.
the fair: Object (direct object of 'deserves')
10. I have a house at Cuttack.
a house: Object (direct object of 'have')
୪. ବୋର୍ଡ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ମାଷ୍ଟ୍ରି ଟିପ୍ସ ଓ ସାଧାରଣ ଭୁଲ୍ (Board Exam Tips & Pitfalls)
୪.୧ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତି ରଣନୀତି (Exam Preparation Strategies)
୧. ମୂଳ ଧାରଣା ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ କରନ୍ତୁ (Clarify Core Concepts): Predicate phrase, transitive/intransitive verbs, objects, complements, and adjuncts are fundamental. Ensure you understand the definition and function of each.
୨. ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ Pattern ଅଭ୍ୟାସ କରନ୍ତୁ (Practice Each Pattern): Go through each predicate pattern (S+V, S+V+C, S+V+O, S+V+O+O, S+V+O+C, S+V+A) with multiple examples. Create your own sentences for each pattern.
୩. Verb ପ୍ରକାର ଚିହ୍ନଟ କରନ୍ତୁ (Identify Verb Types): The ability to distinguish between transitive and intransitive verbs is crucial. Remember that transitive verbs take objects, while intransitive verbs do not. Linking verbs (like 'be', 'seem', 'become') take complements.
୪. Object ଓ Complement ମଧ୍ୟରେ ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟ ବୁଝନ୍ତୁ (Understand Object vs. Complement):
Object: Receives the action of the verb. Answers "What?" or "Whom?".
Complement: Completes the meaning of the subject or object; it describes or renames them. It does not receive the action.
୫. Adjunct ର ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱ (Importance of Adjuncts): Remember that adjuncts are optional and provide additional information (time, place, manner). They can often be moved within the sentence.
୬. Indirect ଓ Direct Object ର ନିୟମ (Rules for Indirect and Direct Objects): Practice interchanging direct and indirect objects using 'to' or 'for'. Understand that the direct object cannot be dropped.
୭. Passive Voice ସହିତ ସମ୍ପର୍କ (Connection with Passive Voice): Objects (both direct and indirect) can become the subject in a passive voice construction. This is a good test for identifying objects.
୮. ଅଭ୍ୟାସ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନାବଳୀ ସମାଧାନ (Solve Exercise Questions): Work through all the activities in the textbook thoroughly. This will solidify your understanding and help you apply the rules.
୪.୨ ୧୦୦/୧୦୦ ସ୍କୋରିଂ ରହସ୍ୟ (100/100 Scoring Secrets)
ସୂକ୍ଷ୍ମ ବିଶ୍ଳେଷଣ (Minute Analysis): For each sentence, break it down into Subject and Predicate. Then, within the predicate, identify the verb, followed by objects, complements, and adjuncts in a systematic way.
Key Verbs ମନେରଖନ୍ତୁ (Memorize Key Verbs): Be familiar with common linking verbs (is, am, are, was, were, become, seem, appear, grow, look, taste, smell, feel) that typically take complements.
Prepositional Phrases ର ଭୂମିକା (Role of Prepositional Phrases): Understand that prepositional phrases can function as adjuncts (e.g., 'in the garden') or sometimes as complements (e.g., 'He is in trouble').
ସଠିକ୍ ପରିଭାଷା ବ୍ୟବହାର (Use Correct Terminology): When answering, use the precise grammatical terms (transitive, intransitive, direct object, indirect object, subject complement, object complement, adjunct).
ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାର ବାକ୍ୟ ସହିତ ଅଭ୍ୟସ୍ତ ହୁଅନ୍ତୁ (Get Used to Diverse Sentence Structures): Practice with simple, compound, and complex sentences to identify predicate elements accurately.
୪.୩ ସାଧାରଣ ଭୁଲ୍ (Common Pitfalls)
୧. Object ଓ Complement କୁ ଭୁଲ୍ ବୁଝିବା (Confusing Object and Complement): This is the most common mistake. Remember: an object receives the action, a complement describes or renames.
ଭୁଲ୍ ଉଦାହରଣ (Incorrect Example): "He is a doctor." (Identifying 'a doctor' as an object).
ସଠିକ୍ (Correct): 'a doctor' is a complement, as it renames 'He'.
୨. Adjunct କୁ Object କିମ୍ବା Complement ଭାବିବା (Mistaking Adjuncts for Objects or Complements): Adjuncts are optional and provide extra information, unlike objects or complements which are essential for the verb's meaning.
ଭୁଲ୍ ଉଦାହରଣ (Incorrect Example): "She sings beautifully." (Identifying 'beautifully' as an object).
ସଠିକ୍ (Correct): 'beautifully' is an adjunct of manner.
୩. Intransitive Verb ସହିତ Object ଚିହ୍ନଟ କରିବା (Identifying an Object with an Intransitive Verb): Intransitive verbs, by definition, do not take objects.
ଭୁଲ୍ ଉଦାହରଣ (Incorrect Example): "The bird flew high." (Identifying 'high' as an object).
ସଠିକ୍ (Correct): 'flew' is intransitive; 'high' is an adjunct.
୪. Indirect Object ଓ Direct Object ର ସ୍ଥାନ ବଦଳାଇବାରେ ଭୁଲ୍ (Errors in Interchanging Indirect and Direct Objects): Forgetting to use 'to' or 'for' when the direct object precedes the indirect object.
ଭୁଲ୍ ଉଦାହରଣ (Incorrect Example): "He gave the book me."
ସଠିକ୍ (Correct): "He gave the book to me."
୫. Pharsal Verbs କୁ ଭୁଲ୍ ବୁଝିବା (Misunderstanding Phrasal Verbs): Sometimes, a verb + preposition/adverb combination acts as a single unit (phrasal verb). Treat them as a single verb unit.
ଉଦାହରଣ (Example): "She looked after the baby." ('looked after' is a transitive phrasal verb, 'the baby' is the object).
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