ବୋର୍ଡ ଅଫ୍ ସେକେଣ୍ଡାରୀ ଏଜୁକେସନ୍ (BSE Odisha) — ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଅଧ୍ୟାୟ ମାଷ୍ଟର ନୋଟ୍ସ
ଶ୍ରେଣୀ: Class 9 | ବିଷୟ: Geography
ଅଧ୍ୟାୟ: Class9 GeoEco Ch07 Geo Ch04 L02 Banyapranhi
୧. ଅଧ୍ୟାୟର ସାରାଂଶ ଓ ମାଇଣ୍ଡ ମ୍ୟାପ୍ (Mind Map & Conceptual Architecture)
ଏହି ଅଧ୍ୟାୟଟି ଭାରତ ତଥା ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ସମ୍ପଦ ଏବଂ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକର ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ ଉପରେ ଆଧାରିତ । ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀମାନେ ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ପରିବେଶ ଓ ପରିସଂସ୍ଥାର ଏକ ଅବିଚ୍ଛେଦ୍ୟ ଅଙ୍ଗ । ଭାରତର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଭୌଗୋଳିକ ସ୍ଥିତି, ଭୂ-ଉଚ୍ଚାବଚ, ଜଳବାୟୁ ଓ ଉଦ୍ଭିଦମଣ୍ଡଳର ବିବିଧତା ଯୋଗୁଁ ଏଠାରେ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାରର ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ଦେଖାଯାନ୍ତି । ଏହି ଅଧ୍ୟାୟରେ ଭାରତରେ ଥିବା ପ୍ରମୁଖ ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ, ସେମାନଙ୍କ ବାସସ୍ଥାନ, ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାରର ସରୀସୃପ, ଜଳଚର ପ୍ରାଣୀ ଓ ପକ୍ଷୀମାନଙ୍କ ବିଷୟରେ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରାଯାଇଛି ।
ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ସମ୍ପଦ ଉପରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ବିଶେଷ ଭାବରେ ଆଲୋଚନା କରାଯାଇଛି, ଯେଉଁଥିରେ ଓଡ଼ିଶାରେ ଦେଖାଯାଉଥିବା ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପଶୁ, ସରୀସୃପ, ପକ୍ଷୀ ଓ କୀଟପତଙ୍ଗ ବିଷୟରେ ସୂଚନା ଦିଆଯାଇଛି । ଚିଲିକା ହ୍ରଦର ବିଶେଷତ୍ୱ ଏବଂ ଏହା ଏକ ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତିକ ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଆର୍ଦ୍ରଭୂମି ଭାବରେ କିପରି ପରିଗଣିତ, ତାହା ମଧ୍ୟ ବର୍ଣ୍ଣନା କରାଯାଇଛି ।
ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣର ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା, ଏହାର କାରଣ ଏବଂ ଏଥିପାଇଁ ଭାରତ ସରକାର ଓ ରାଜ୍ୟ ସରକାରଙ୍କ ଦ୍ୱାରା ଗ୍ରହଣ କରାଯାଇଥିବା ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ ଯଥା: ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ ବୋର୍ଡ଼ ଗଠନ, ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ଅଧିନିୟମ, ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳ, ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟ, ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ ଓ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପ (ଯଥା: ବ୍ୟାଘ୍ର ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପ, ହସ୍ତୀ ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପ, ମଗର ପ୍ରଜନନ ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି) ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ବିସ୍ତୃତ ଭାବରେ ଆଲୋଚନା କରାଯାଇଛି ।
ମାଇଣ୍ଡ ମ୍ୟାପ୍ (Conceptual Architecture):
ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ
├── ପରିଚୟ ଓ ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱ
│ ├── ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ପରିବେଶ ଓ ପରିସଂସ୍ଥାର ଅଙ୍ଗ
│ └── ସୁରକ୍ଷା ଏକାନ୍ତ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ
├── ଭାରତର ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ
│ ├── ବିବିଧତା
│ │ ├── ଭୌଗୋଳିକ ସ୍ଥିତି, ଭୂ-ଉଚ୍ଚାବଚ, ଜଳବାୟୁ, ଉଦ୍ଭିଦମଣ୍ଡଳ
│ │ └── ପ୍ରାୟ ୯୦,୦୦୦ ପ୍ରକାରର ପ୍ରାଣୀ, ୧୨୦୦ ପ୍ରକାରର ପକ୍ଷୀ, ୨୮୦୦ ପ୍ରକାରର ମାଛ
│ ├── ପ୍ରମୁଖ ପଶୁ
│ │ ├── ହାତୀ (ଆସାମ, କେରଳ, କର୍ଣ୍ଣାଟକ, ଓଡ଼ିଶା, ଆନ୍ଧ୍ର, ଝାଡ଼ଖଣ୍ଡ)
│ │ ├── ବାଘ (ସୁନ୍ଦରବନ, ମଧ୍ୟପ୍ରଦେଶ, ଓଡ଼ିଶା, ହିମାଳୟ) - ଜାତୀୟ ପଶୁ
│ │ ├── ସିଂହ (ଗିର୍ ଅରଣ୍ୟ, ଗୁଜରାଟ)
│ │ ├── ଗଣ୍ଡା (ଆସାମ)
│ │ ├── ଓଟ ଓ ବନ୍ୟ ଗଧ (ଥର ମରୁଭୂମି, କଚ୍ଛ ଉପକୂଳ)
│ │ ├── ଚମରୀଗାଈ, କସ୍ତୁରୀମୃଗ (ହିମାଳୟ)
│ │ └── ନୀଳଗାଈ (ମଧ୍ୟପ୍ରଦେଶ, ଓଡ଼ିଶା, ଉତ୍ତରପ୍ରଦେଶ)
│ ├── ସରୀସୃପ
│ │ └── ଅଜଗର, ଅହିରାଜ, ନାଗ, ବୋଡ଼ା, କୁମ୍ଭୀର, ମଗର
│ ├── ପକ୍ଷୀ
│ │ └── ମୟୂର (ଜାତୀୟ ପକ୍ଷୀ), ଶୁଆ, ଶାରୀ, କୋଚିଳାଖାଇ, ଛଞ୍ଚାଣ, ଚିଲ
│ └── ଜଳଚର ପ୍ରାଣୀ
│ └── ମାଛ, ଗେଣ୍ଡା, କଇଁଛ
├── ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ
│ ├── ପଶୁ
│ │ ├── ହାତୀ (ଶିମିଳିପାଳ, ଚନ୍ଦକା), ବାଘ, ଚିତାବାଘ, ଭାଲୁ, ହରିଣ, ସମ୍ବର, ଗୟଳ
│ │ ├── ବନ୍ୟମହିଷ (ମାଲକାନଗିରି, ଖଡ଼ିଆଳ)
│ │ └── କୃଷ୍ଣସାରମୃଗ (ପୁରୀ, ଗଞ୍ଜାମ ଉପକୂଳ)
│ ├── ସରୀସୃପ
│ │ └── ଅହିରାଜ, ନାଗ, ବଜ୍ରକାପ୍ତା, ଗୋଧ୍, କୁମ୍ଭୀର
│ ├── ପକ୍ଷୀ
│ │ └── ଚିଲିକା ହ୍ରଦ (ରାମ୍ସାର ସ୍ଥଳୀ), ଅଂଶୁପା, ହୀରାକୁଦ, ଭିତରକନିକା
│ └── କୀଟପତଙ୍ଗ
│ └── ନୀଳରକ୍ତ କଙ୍କଡ଼ା, ପ୍ରଜାପତି
├── ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ
│ ├── ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା
│ │ ├── ଅରଣ୍ୟ ଆୟତନ ହ୍ରାସ, ଶିକାର, ଜନସଂଖ୍ୟା ବୃଦ୍ଧି, ଶିଳ୍ପ ବିକାଶ, ନଗରୀକରଣ
│ │ └── ପ୍ରଜାତି ଲୋପ
│ ├── ସରକାରୀ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ
│ │ ├── ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ ବୋର୍ଡ଼ (୧୯୭୨)
│ │ ├── ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ଅଧିନିୟମ (୧୯୭୨)
│ │ ├── ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳ (୧୨ଟି)
│ │ ├── ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ (୮୯ଟି)
│ │ ├── ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟ (୪୯୦ଟି)
│ │ └── ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପ (ବ୍ୟାଘ୍ର, ହସ୍ତୀ, ମଗର, ସିଂହ, ହରିଣ, କସ୍ତୁରୀମୃଗ)
│ └── ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ କ୍ଷେତ୍ରର ପ୍ରକାରଭେଦ
│ ├── ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳ: ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ଉଦ୍ଭିଦ ଓ ପ୍ରାଣୀ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ
│ ├── ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟ: କମ୍ ସୁରକ୍ଷା, କିଛି କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମ ଅନୁମତିପ୍ରାପ୍ତ
│ └── ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ: ଅଧିକ ସୁରକ୍ଷା, ପଶୁ ଚାରଣ ଓ ଭୂମି ଅଧିକାର ନିଷେଧ
୨. ମୁଖ୍ୟ ବିଷୟବସ୍ତୁ, ସିଦ୍ଧାନ୍ତ ଓ ଗାଣିତିକ ସୂତ୍ରାବଳୀ (Comprehensive Theory & Formulas)
୧. ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀର ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱ:
୨. ଭାରତର ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ବିବିଧତା:
୩. ଭାରତର ପ୍ରମୁଖ ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ଓ ସେମାନଙ୍କ ବାସସ୍ଥାନ:
୪. ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ:
୫. ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣର ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ଓ କାରଣ:
୬. ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ ପାଇଁ ପଦକ୍ଷେପ:
୭. ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ ଓ ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟ:
୮. ବନ୍ୟଜନ୍ତୁ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ ଯୋଜନା:
୩. ପାଠ୍ୟପୁସ୍ତକ ଅଭ୍ୟାସ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନାବଳୀର ୧୦୦% ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସମାଧାନ (100% Complete Solved Exercises)
୧. ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂତ ପ୍ରଶ୍ନଗୁଡ଼ିକର ଉତ୍ତର ସଂକ୍ଷେପରେ ଲେଖ ।
୧.୧. (କ) ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟ କାହାକୁ କହନ୍ତି ?
ଉତ୍ତର: ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟ ହେଉଛି ଏକ ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ଯେଉଁଠାରେ ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀମାନଙ୍କୁ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ଦିଆଯାଇଥାଏ । ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ ତୁଳନାରେ ଏଠାରେ କମ୍ ସୁରକ୍ଷାର ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ରହିଛି । ଏଥିରେ ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀଙ୍କର ସୁରକ୍ଷା ନିମିତ୍ତ ବିଭିନ୍ନ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମକୁ ଅନୁମତି ଦିଆଯାଇଥାଏ ଏବଂ କିଛି ଉତ୍ତମ ଉପାଦେୟ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟପାଇଁ ଭୂମି ଉପଯୋଗ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଅନୁମତି ମଧ୍ୟ ଦିଆଯାଇଥାଏ ।
୧.୨. (ଖ) ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳ କହିଲେ ତୁମେ କ'ଣ ବୁଝ ?
ଉତ୍ତର: ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳ ହେଉଛି ଏକ ବିଶାଳ ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ଯେଉଁଠାରେ ଭୂମିକୁ ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ରଖାଯାଇ ସମସ୍ତ ପ୍ରକାର ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଉଦ୍ଭିଦ ଓ ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀଙ୍କୁ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ କରାଯାଏ । ଏହାର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ହେଉଛି ଜୈବ ବିବିଧତାକୁ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ଦେବା ଏବଂ ପରିବେଶ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ଗବେଷଣା ଓ ଶିକ୍ଷାକୁ ପ୍ରୋତ୍ସାହିତ କରିବା । ଭାରତରେ ସମୁଦାୟ ୧୨ ଗୋଟି ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳ ରହିଛି ।
୧.୩. (ଗ) ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ କାହାକୁ କହନ୍ତି ?
ଉତ୍ତର: ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ ହେଉଛି ଏକ ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ଯେଉଁଠାରେ ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଅରଣ୍ୟକୁ ଅଧିକ ପରିମାଣରେ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ଦିଆଯାଏ । ଏହାର ସୀମାଭିତରେ ପଶୁ ଚାରଣ ସମ୍ପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ନିଷେଧ କରାଯାଇଛି । ଏହା ବ୍ୟତୀତ, ଏହାର ସୀମା ଭିତରେ କୌଣସି ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିର ଭୂମି ଅଧିକାରକୁ ମଧ୍ୟ ନିଷେଧ କରାଯାଇଛି । ଏହି ଅଞ୍ଚଳଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ଓ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ବାସସ୍ଥାନର ସୁରକ୍ଷା ପାଇଁ ଉଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ।
୨. ପାର୍ଥକ୍ୟ ଦର୍ଶାଅ ।
୨.୧. (କ) ଜାତୀୟ ପଶୁ ଓ ଜାତୀୟ ପକ୍ଷୀ
ଉତ୍ତର:
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ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ
ଅରଣ୍ୟ, ତୃଣଭୂମି, ନଦୀ, ସମୁଦ୍ର ଓ ଜଳାଶୟଗୁଡ଼ିକ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପଶୁପକ୍ଷୀ, ସରୀସୃପ ଓ ଜଳଚରଜୀବମାନଙ୍କର ନିର୍ଭୟ ଓ ମୁକ୍ତ ବାସସ୍ଥାନ । ଏଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଆମ ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ପରିବେଶ ଓ ପରିସଂସ୍ଥାର ବିଶିଷ୍ଟ ଅଙ୍ଗ । ତେଣୁ ଏହାର ସୁରକ୍ଷା ଏକାନ୍ତ ଆବଶ୍ୟକ ।
ଭାରତର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ପରିବେଶ ମୁଖ୍ୟତଃ ଭୌଗୋଳିକ ସ୍ଥିତି, ଭୂ-ଉଚ୍ଚାବଚ, ଜଳବାୟୁ ଓ ଉଦ୍ଭିଦମଣ୍ଡଳର ବିବିଧତା ହେତୁ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାରର ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ଦେଖାଯାନ୍ତି । ଭାରତରେ ପ୍ରାୟ ୯୦,୦୦୦ ଅଧିକ ପ୍ରକାରର ପ୍ରାଣୀ, ୧୨୦୦ ପ୍ରକାରର ପକ୍ଷୀ ଏବଂ ୨୮୦୦ ପ୍ରକାରର ମାଛ ରହିଛନ୍ତି । କେତେକ ପ୍ରାଣୀ ନିର୍ଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ଦେଖାଯାଉଥିବାବେଳେ ଅନ୍ୟ କେତେକ ପ୍ରାଣୀ ସବୁ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳନ୍ତି । ଅନୁକୂଳ ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ପରିବେଶ ଓ ପରିସଂସ୍ଥା ହିଁ ଏମାନଙ୍କର ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ବାସସ୍ଥାନ ।
ଭାରତରେ ବାସ କରୁଥିବା ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାରର ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ମଧ୍ୟରୁ ହାତୀ, ବାଘ, ସିଂହ, ଗଣ୍ଡା, ଭାଲୁ, ଗୟଳ, ହରିଣ, ବାରହା, ସମ୍ବର ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ମୁଖ୍ୟ ପଶୁ । ସମଗ୍ର ପୃଥିବୀର ଏକ ତୃତୀୟାଂଶ ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ଭାରତରେ ଦେଖାଯାନ୍ତି । ସ୍ତନ୍ୟପାୟୀ ପ୍ରାଣୀମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ହାତୀର ସ୍ଥାନ ସବୁଠାରେ ଉପରେ । ହାତୀ ସାଧାରଣତଃ ଆସାମ, କେରଳ, କର୍ଣ୍ଣାଟକ, ଓଡ଼ିଶା, ଆନ୍ଧ୍ର, ଝାଡ଼ଖଣ୍ଡ ପ୍ରଭୃତି ରାଜ୍ୟର ଅରଣ୍ୟ ଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ବାସ କରନ୍ତି । ଜଳହସ୍ତୀ ଆସାମ ଓ ପଶ୍ଚିମବଙ୍ଗର ସନ୍ତସନ୍ତିଆ ଜଙ୍ଗଲରେ ଅଧିକ ସଂଖ୍ୟାରେ ବାସ କରନ୍ତି । ଓଟ ଓ ବନ୍ୟ ଗଧ ଥର ମରୁଭୂମି ଓ ଗୁଜରାଟର କଚ୍ଛ ଉପକୂଳରେ ଦେଖିବାକୁ ମିଳନ୍ତି । ଗୁଜରାଟର ଗିର୍ ଅରଣ୍ୟ ସିଂହମାନଙ୍କର ବାସସ୍ଥଳୀ । ପଶ୍ଚିମବଙ୍ଗର ସୁନ୍ଦରବନ, ମଧ୍ୟପ୍ରଦେଶ, ଓଡ଼ିଶା, ହିମାଳୟର ପାର୍ବତ୍ୟ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ଅଧିକ ସଂଖ୍ୟକ ବାଘ ଦେଖାଯାନ୍ତି । ବାଘ ଭାରତର ଜାତୀୟ ପଶୁ । ଏହା ବ୍ୟତୀତ ତେନ୍ଦୁଆ, କଲରାପତରିଆ ବାଘ, ଚିତାବାଘ, ବଣମହିଷ, ମାଙ୍କଡ଼ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ଦେଖାଯା’ନ୍ତି ।
ଭାରତ-ନେପାଳ ସୀମା ନିକଟବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ହିମାଳୟ ପାର୍ବତ୍ୟ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ଚମରୀଗାଈ, କସ୍ତୁରୀମୃଗ ପ୍ରଭୃତି ବିରଳପ୍ରାଣୀ ଦେଖାଯାନ୍ତି । ମଧ୍ୟପ୍ରଦେଶ, ଓଡ଼ିଶା ଓ ଉତ୍ତରପ୍ରଦେଶର ଅରଣ୍ୟରେ ନୀଳଗାଈ ଦେଖାଯାଆନ୍ତି । ଜାମ୍ମୁ ଓ କାଶ୍ମୀରର ପାର୍ବତ୍ୟ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ଦୀର୍ଘ ଲୋମଯୁକ୍ତ ବନ୍ୟ ଛାଗଳ ଦେଖାଯା’ନ୍ତି ।
ଭାରତର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଅରଣ୍ୟରେ ଅଜଗର, ଅହିରାଜ, ନାଗ, ରଣା, ବୋଡ଼ା ଆଦି ବିଷଧର ସର୍ପ ଦେଖାଯାଆନ୍ତି । ନଦୀ, ହ୍ରଦ, ଜଳାଶୟରେ କୁମ୍ଭୀର, ମାଛ, ଗେଣ୍ଡା, କଇଁଛ, ମଗର ଆଦି ପ୍ରାଣୀ ରହିଛନ୍ତି ।
ଭାରତର ଅରଣ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାରର ପକ୍ଷୀ ବାସ କରନ୍ତି । ମୟୂର, ଶୁଆ, ଶାରୀ, କୋଚିଳାଖାଇ, ଛଞ୍ଚାଣ, ଚିଲ ଆଦି ଅନେକ ପକ୍ଷୀ ଦେଖାଯାନ୍ତି । ମୟୂର ଆମ ଦେଶର ଜାତୀୟ ପକ୍ଷୀ । ଅନେକ ପ୍ରକାରର ପ୍ରଜାପତିରେ ଭାରତର ଅରଣ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକ ସମୃଦ୍ଧ ।
ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ :
ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ଅରଣ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଅନେକ ପ୍ରକାରର ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀରେ ପରିପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ । ଘଞ୍ଚ ଜଙ୍ଗଲରେ ହାତୀ, ବାଘ, ଚିତାବାଘ, ତେନ୍ଦୁଆ, ଠେକୁଆ, ନୀଳଗାଈ, ହରିଣ, ସମ୍ବର, ଗୟଳ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ବାସ କରନ୍ତି । ମୟୂରଭଞ୍ଜର ଶିମିଳିପାଳରେ ମହାବଳବାଘ ଓ ଭୁବନେଶ୍ୱର ନିକଟବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ଚନ୍ଦକା ଅରଣ୍ୟରେ ବହୁ ସଂଖ୍ୟାରେ ହାତୀ ଦେଖାଯାନ୍ତି । ମାଲକାନଗିରି ଓ ଖଡ଼ିଆଳ ଅରଣ୍ୟରେ ବନ୍ୟମହିଷ ବାସକରନ୍ତି । କୋରାପୁଟ, ସମ୍ବଲପୁର, ଦେବଗଡ଼, ବୌଦ୍ଧ, ଅନୁଗୁଳ, ପ୍ରଭୃତି ଜିଲ୍ଲାଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ନୀଳଗାଈ, ଚଉଶିଙ୍ଗା, ହରିଣ, ସମ୍ବର ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ଦେଖାଯାନ୍ତି । କଳାହାଣ୍ଡି, ବଲାଙ୍ଗିର ଓ ନୂଆପଡ଼ା ଅରଣ୍ୟରେ ଗୟଳ ବାସ କରନ୍ତି । ଏହାଛଡ଼ା ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ପ୍ରାୟ ସବୁ ଅରଣ୍ୟରେ ଭାଲୁ, ଗଧୂଆ, ଠେକୁଆ, ତେନ୍ଦୁଆ, ବାରହା, ହରିଣ, ସମ୍ବର, କୁଟରା, ମାଙ୍କଡ଼ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ଦେଖାଯାନ୍ତି । ପୁରୀ ଓ ଗଞ୍ଜାମ ଉପକୂଳରେ ବାଲିହରିଣ, କୃଷ୍ଣସାରମୃଗ ରହିଛନ୍ତି ।
ଓଡ଼ିଶାରେ ଅନେକ ପ୍ରକାରର ସରୀସୃପ ବାସକରନ୍ତି । ସେମାନଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ଅହିରାଜ, ନାଗ, ତମ୍ପ, ଅଜଗର, ବୋଡ଼ା, ରଣା ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ମୁଖ୍ୟ । ଏହା ବ୍ୟତୀତ ବଜ୍ରକାପ୍ତା, ଗୋଧ୍, ଏଣ୍ଡୁଅ, କୁମ୍ଭୀର, ମଗର, ପ୍ରଭୃତି ମଧ୍ୟ ଦେଖାଯାନ୍ତି ।
ଓଡ଼ିଶାରେ ଅନେକ ପ୍ରକାରର ପକ୍ଷୀ ବାସ କରନ୍ତି । ଚିଲିକା ହ୍ରଦ, ଅଂଶୁପା ହ୍ରଦ, ହୀରାକୁଦ ଜଳଭଣ୍ଡାର, ସୁନାବେଡ଼ା ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟ, ଶିମିଳିପାଳ ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳ, ଭିତର କନିକା ପ୍ରଭୃତିରେ ଅସଂଖ୍ୟ ବିରଳପକ୍ଷୀ ଦେଖାଯାନ୍ତି । ଅନେକ ସ୍ଥଳଚର ପ୍ରାଣୀ ମଧ୍ୟ ଏଠାରେ ବାସକରନ୍ତି । ସେମାନେ ହେଲେ ନୀଳରକ୍ତ କଙ୍କଡ଼ା, ବିଛା କଙ୍କଡ଼ା, ଗେଣ୍ଡା, ଶାମୁକା, ଜୋକ, ଜେଲିଫିସ୍, ପ୍ରବାଳ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି । ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକାରର ବେଙ୍ଗ ମଧ୍ୟ ଏଠାରେ ଦେଖୁବାକୁ ମିଳନ୍ତି । ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ନୀଳରକ୍ତ କଙ୍କଡ଼ା ପୃଥିବୀ ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧ । ଓଡ଼ିଶା ରଙ୍ଗବେରଙ୍ଗ ପ୍ରଜାପତି, କଙ୍କି, ବିରୁଡ଼ି, ଭ୍ରମର, ମହୁମାଛି, ବୁଢ଼ିଆଣୀ, ଝିଣ୍ଟିକା ଇତ୍ୟାଦି କୀଟପତଙ୍ଗମାନଙ୍କର ବାସସ୍ଥଳୀ ଅଟେ ।
ବନ୍ୟଜନ୍ତୁ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ :
ଭାରତର ତଥା ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ଅରଣ୍ୟର ଆୟତନ କ୍ରମଶଃ ହ୍ରାସ ପାଉଥିବାରୁ ଏବଂ ଲୋକମାନେ ପଶୁପକ୍ଷୀମାନଙ୍କୁ ଅବାଧରେ ଶିକାର କରୁଥିବାରୁ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ସଂଖ୍ୟା କ୍ରମଶଃ ହ୍ରାସ ପାଉଛି । ଜନସଂଖ୍ୟା ବୃଦ୍ଧି, ଶିଳ୍ପର ବିକାଶ, ନଗରୀକରଣ ପ୍ରଭୃତି କାରଣ ଯୋଗୁଁ ଅରଣ୍ୟର ଆୟତନ କ୍ରମଶଃ ହ୍ରାସ ପାଇବାରେ ଲାଗିଛି । ଫଳରେ ଉକ୍ତ ପରିସଂସ୍ଥାରେ ବାସ କରୁଥିବା ଜୀବଜନ୍ତୁ, ପଶୁପକ୍ଷୀ, କୀଟପତଙ୍ଗ ପ୍ରଭୃତିର ସଂଖ୍ୟାରେ ହ୍ରାସ ଅନୁଭୂତ ହେଉଛି । କେତେକ ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ଲୋପ ପାଇଗଲେଣି, ଅନ୍ୟ କେତେକ ଲୋପ ପାଇବାକୁ ବସିଲେଣି । ସେଥ୍ ପାଇଁ ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀଗୁଡ଼ିକର ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ ପ୍ରତି ସରକାର ତଥା ଜନସାଧାରଣ ବିଭିନ୍ନ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମ ଓ ଯୋଜନା କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକାରୀ କରୁଛନ୍ତି ।
ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀମାନଙ୍କର ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ ପାଇଁ ଭାରତ ସରକାର ୧୯୭୨ ମସିହାରୁ ଏକ “ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ ବୋର୍ଡ଼” ଗଠନ କରିଛନ୍ତି । ଦେଶର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳ, ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟ, ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ, ପକ୍ଷୀବିହାର ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ସ୍ଥାପନ କରାଯାଇଛି । ୧୯୭୨ ମସିହାର ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ଅଧିନିୟମ ଅନୁସାରେ କେତେକ ପ୍ରାବଧାନ ପ୍ରଣୀତ ହୋଇଛି । ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଲା-
(କ) ବିଲୁପ୍ତ ହୋଇଯାଉଥିବା ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀଙ୍କର ପ୍ରଜାତିଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ କରିବା ନିମିତ୍ତ ଦିଗ୍ଦର୍ଶନ ଦେବା ପାଇଁ ଭାରତୀୟ ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ପରିଷଦ ଗଠନ ।
(ଖ) ଦୁର୍ଲ୍ଲଭ ଓ ନିଃଶେଷ ହୋଇଯାଉଥିବା ପ୍ରଜାତିଗୁଡ଼ିକର ବ୍ୟବସାୟ ବା କ୍ରୟବିକ୍ରୟ କେନ୍ଦ୍ର ବନ୍ଦ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ନିୟମ ପ୍ରଣୟନ ।
(ଗ) ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀଙ୍କର ସୁରକ୍ଷା ପାଇଁ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ସମିତି ଗଠନ ।
(ଘ) ବିଭିନ୍ନ ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀଙ୍କର ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ ପାଇଁ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପ ଗଠନ କରିବା ।
ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳରେ ଭୂମିକୁ ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ରଖାଯାଇ ସମସ୍ତ ପ୍ରକାର ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଉଦ୍ଭିଦ ଓ ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ କରାଯାଏ ।
ଭାରତର ସମୁଦାୟ ୧୨ ଗୋଟି ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳ, ୮୯ ଗୋଟି ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ, ୪୯୦ ଗୋଟି ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟ, ୨୭ ଗୋଟି ବ୍ୟାଘ୍ର ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପ, ଗୋଟିଏ ହରିଣ ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପ, ଗୋଟିଏ ସିଂହ ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପ, ଗୋଟିଏ କସ୍ତୁରୀମୃଗ ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପ, ମଗର ପ୍ରଜନନ ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପ, ହସ୍ତୀ ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ସ୍ଥାପିତ ହୋଇଛି ।
୧୨ ଗୋଟି ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳ ହେଉଛି – ଉତ୍ତରାଖଣ୍ଡର ନନ୍ଦାଦେବୀ, ପଶ୍ଚିମବଙ୍ଗର ସୁନ୍ଦରବନ, ସିକିମର କାଞ୍ଚନଜଂଗା, ଆସାମର ମାନସ ଓ ଦିବ୍ରୁ ସୈଖୋୱା, ଅରୁଣାଚଳ ପ୍ରଦେଶର ଦିହାଙ୍ଗ-ଦିବଙ୍ଗ, ମେଘାଳୟର ନୋକ୍ରେକ, ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ଶିମିଳିପାଳ, ମଧ୍ୟପ୍ରଦେଶର ପଞ୍ଚମାରୀ, ତାମିଲନାଡୁର ନୀଳଗିରି ଓ ମାନ୍ନାର ଉପସାଗର ଏବଂ ଆଣ୍ଡାମାନ ଓ ନିକୋବର ଦ୍ୱୀପପୁଞ୍ଜର ଗ୍ରେଟ ନିକୋବର ।
ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟ- ଏଥିରେ କମ୍ ସୁରକ୍ଷାର ବ୍ୟବସ୍ଥା ରହିଛି । ଏଥିରେ ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀଙ୍କର ସୁରକ୍ଷା ନିମିତ୍ତ ବିଭିନ୍ନ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟକ୍ରମକୁ ଅନୁମତି ଦିଆଯାଇଥାଏ । ଏଥିରେ କିଛି ଉତ୍ତମ ଉପାଦେୟ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟପାଇଁ ଭୂମି ଉପଯୋଗ କରିବା ପାଇଁ ଅନୁମତି ଦିଆଯାଇଥାଏ ।
ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ : ଏଥିରେ ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଅରଣ୍ୟକୁ ଅଧିକ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ଦିଆଯାଏ । ଏହାର ସୀମାଭିତରେ ପଶୁ ଚାରଣ ନିଷେଧ କରାଯାଇଛି । ଏହାର ସୀମା ଭିତରେ କୌଣସି ବ୍ୟକ୍ତିର ଭୂମି ଅଧିକାରକୁ ନିଷେଧ କରାଯାଇଛି ।
କେତେକ ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ ହେଉଛି-
ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ ଓ ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟ:
୩. ସଂକ୍ଷିପ୍ତ ଟୀପ୍ପଣୀ ଲେଖ ।
୩.୧. (କ) ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ ବୋର୍ଡ଼
ଉତ୍ତର: ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀମାନଙ୍କର ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ ପାଇଁ ଭାରତ ସରକାର ୧୯୭୨ ମସିହାରୁ ଏକ “ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ ବୋର୍ଡ଼” ଗଠନ କରିଛନ୍ତି । ଏହି ବୋର୍ଡ଼ର ମୁଖ୍ୟ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟ ହେଉଛି ଦେଶର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳ, ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟ, ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ, ପକ୍ଷୀବିହାର ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ସ୍ଥାପନ କରି ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀଙ୍କ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ନିଶ୍ଚିତ କରିବା । ଏହା ବିଲୁପ୍ତପ୍ରାୟ ପ୍ରଜାତିଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ କରିବା ନିମିତ୍ତ ଦିଗ୍ଦର୍ଶନ ଦେବା, ଦୁର୍ଲ୍ଲଭ ପ୍ରଜାତିଗୁଡ଼ିକର ବ୍ୟବସାୟ ବନ୍ଦ କରିବା ଏବଂ ବିଭିନ୍ନ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପ ଗଠନ କରିବାରେ ସହାୟତା କରେ ।
୩.୨. (ଖ) ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳ
ଉତ୍ତର: ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳ ହେଉଛି ଏକ ବିଶାଳ ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ଯେଉଁଠାରେ ଭୂମିକୁ ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ରଖାଯାଇ ସମସ୍ତ ପ୍ରକାର ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଉଦ୍ଭିଦ ଓ ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀଙ୍କୁ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ କରାଯାଏ । ଏହାର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ହେଉଛି ଜୈବ ବିବିଧତାକୁ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ଦେବା, ପରିବେଶ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ଗବେଷଣା ଓ ଶିକ୍ଷାକୁ ପ୍ରୋତ୍ସାହିତ କରିବା । ଭାରତରେ ସମୁଦାୟ ୧୨ ଗୋଟି ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳ ରହିଛି, ଯଥା: ନନ୍ଦାଦେବୀ, ସୁନ୍ଦରବନ, ଶିମିଳିପାଳ ଇତ୍ୟାଦି । ଏହି ଅଞ୍ଚଳଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ମାନବୀୟ ହସ୍ତକ୍ଷେପକୁ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରିତ କରାଯାଇଥାଏ ।
୩.୩. (ଗ) ଆସାମର ମାନସ ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ
ଉତ୍ତର: ମାନସ ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ ଆସାମ ରାଜ୍ୟରେ ଅବସ୍ଥିତ ଏକ ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ । ଏହା ଏକ ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳ, ବ୍ୟାଘ୍ର ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପ ଏବଂ ହସ୍ତୀ ପ୍ରକଳ୍ପ ଭାବରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ପରିଗଣିତ । ଏହି ଉଦ୍ୟାନରେ ହାତୀ, ଗଣ୍ଡା, ବନ୍ୟମହିଷ, ଗୌର ବାରସିଂଗା, ବାରହା, ଗିବନ, ମାଙ୍କଡ଼, ବାଘ, ଠେକୁଆ, ଲମାଚିକା, ଘଡ଼ିଆଳ କୁମ୍ଭୀର, ଅଜଗର ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ଅନେକ ପ୍ରକାରର ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ଦେଖାଯାନ୍ତି । ଏହା ନିଜର ସମୃଦ୍ଧ ଜୈବ ବିବିଧତା ପାଇଁ ବିଶ୍ୱ ପ୍ରସିଦ୍ଧ ।
୪. ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୁତ ପଶୁଗୁଡ଼ିକ କେଉଁଠାରେ ଦେଖାଯାନ୍ତି ?
୪.୧. (କ) ଚମରୀ ଗାଈ
ଉତ୍ତର: ଭାରତ-ନେପାଳ ସୀମା ନିକଟବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ହିମାଳୟ ପାର୍ବତ୍ୟ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ।
୪.୨. (ଖ) ଚିତାବାଘ
ଉତ୍ତର: ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ଶିମିଳିପାଳ, କୋଠଗଡ଼, ଖଲାସୁଣୀ, ଡେବ୍ରିଗଡ଼, ହଦଗଡ଼ ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟ ଏବଂ ଭାରତର ଅନ୍ୟାନ୍ୟ ଅରଣ୍ୟରେ ।
୪.୩. (ଗ) କସ୍ତୁରୀମୃଗ
ଉତ୍ତର: ଭାରତ-ନେପାଳ ସୀମା ନିକଟବର୍ତ୍ତୀ ହିମାଳୟ ପାର୍ବତ୍ୟ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ଏବଂ ଜାମ୍ମୁ ଓ କାଶ୍ମୀରର ଡାଙ୍ଗ୍ରାମ ଉଦ୍ୟାନରେ ।
୫. ନିମ୍ନରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବା ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକ କେଉଁ ରାଜ୍ୟରେ ଅବସ୍ଥିତ ଏବଂ ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ କେଉଁ କେଉଁ ପଶୁପକ୍ଷୀମାନଙ୍କର ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ କରିଥା’ନ୍ତି ଲେଖ ।
୫.୧. (କ) ଭିତରକନିକା
ଉତ୍ତର:
୫.୨. (ଖ) ଚନ୍ଦକା
ଉତ୍ତର:
୫.୩. (ଗ) କାଜିରଙ୍ଗା ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ
ଉତ୍ତର:
୫.୪. (ଘ) ଗିର୍ ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ
ଉତ୍ତର:
୫.୫. (ଙ) କର୍ବେଟ୍ ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ
ଉତ୍ତର:
୬. ଭାରତର ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ଲେଖ ।
ଉତ୍ତର: ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳ ହେଉଛି ଏକ ବିଶାଳ ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଅଞ୍ଚଳ ଯେଉଁଠାରେ ଭୂମିକୁ ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଅବସ୍ଥାରେ ରଖାଯାଇ ସମସ୍ତ ପ୍ରକାର ପ୍ରାକୃତିକ ଉଦ୍ଭିଦ ଓ ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀଙ୍କୁ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ କରାଯାଏ । ଏହାର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ଉଦ୍ଦେଶ୍ୟ ହେଉଛି ଜୈବ ବିବିଧତାକୁ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ଦେବା, ପରିବେଶ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧୀୟ ଗବେଷଣା ଓ ଶିକ୍ଷାକୁ ପ୍ରୋତ୍ସାହିତ କରିବା । ଏହି ଅଞ୍ଚଳଗୁଡ଼ିକରେ ମାନବୀୟ ହସ୍ତକ୍ଷେପକୁ ନିୟନ୍ତ୍ରିତ କରାଯାଇଥାଏ ଏବଂ ସ୍ଥାନୀୟ ଜନସାଧାରଣଙ୍କୁ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ ପ୍ରକ୍ରିୟାରେ ସାମିଲ କରାଯାଇଥାଏ ।
ଭାରତରେ ସମୁଦାୟ ୧୨ ଗୋଟି ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳ ରହିଛି । ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଲା:
୧. ନନ୍ଦାଦେବୀ (ଉତ୍ତରାଖଣ୍ଡ)
୨. ସୁନ୍ଦରବନ (ପଶ୍ଚିମବଙ୍ଗ)
୩. କାଞ୍ଚନଜଂଗା (ସିକିମ)
୪. ମାନସ (ଆସାମ)
୫. ଦିବ୍ରୁ-ସୈଖୋୱା (ଆସାମ)
୬. ଦିହାଙ୍ଗ-ଦିବଙ୍ଗ (ଅରୁଣାଚଳ ପ୍ରଦେଶ)
୭. ନୋକ୍ରେକ (ମେଘାଳୟ)
୮. ଶିମିଳିପାଳ (ଓଡ଼ିଶା)
୯. ପଞ୍ଚମାରୀ (ମଧ୍ୟପ୍ରଦେଶ)
୧୦. ନୀଳଗିରି (ତାମିଲନାଡୁ)
୧୧. ମାନ୍ନାର ଉପସାଗର
୧୨. ଗ୍ରେଟ ନିକୋବର (ଆଣ୍ଡାମାନ ଓ ନିକୋବର ଦ୍ୱୀପପୁଞ୍ଜ) ।
ଏହି ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଭାରତର ଅନନ୍ୟ ଜୈବ ବିବିଧତାକୁ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ଦେବାରେ ଗୁରୁତ୍ୱପୂର୍ଣ୍ଣ ଭୂମିକା ଗ୍ରହଣ କରନ୍ତି ।
୭. ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ଲେଖ ।
ଉତ୍ତର: ଓଡ଼ିଶାରେ ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ ପାଇଁ ଦୁଇଗୋଟି ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ ରହିଛି । ସେଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଲା:
୧. ଭିତରକନିକା ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ (କେନ୍ଦ୍ରାପଡ଼ା ଜିଲ୍ଲା):
୨. ପଦ୍ମତୋଳା ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ (ବୌଦ୍ଧ ଜିଲ୍ଲା):
ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ଏକମାତ୍ର ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳ ହେଉଛି ଶିମିଳିପାଳ, ଯାହା ମୟୂରଭଞ୍ଜ ଜିଲ୍ଲାରେ ଅବସ୍ଥିତ ।
୮. ବନ୍ୟଜନ୍ତୁ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ ଯୋଜନା ସମ୍ବନ୍ଧରେ ଲେଖ ।
ଉତ୍ତର: ବନ୍ୟଜନ୍ତୁ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ ଯୋଜନା ହେଉଛି ଏକ ବ୍ୟାପକ ପ୍ରୟାସ ଯାହା ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ଓ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ବାସସ୍ଥାନକୁ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ଦେବା ପାଇଁ ଉଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ । ଜନସଂଖ୍ୟା ବୃଦ୍ଧି, ଶିଳ୍ପ ବିକାଶ, ନଗରୀକରଣ ଏବଂ ଅବାଧ ଶିକାର ଯୋଗୁଁ ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀଙ୍କ ସଂଖ୍ୟା ହ୍ରାସ ପାଉଥିବାରୁ ଏହି ଯୋଜନାର ଆବଶ୍ୟକତା ବଢ଼ିଛି ।
ଭାରତ ସରକାର ୧୯୭୨ ମସିହାରୁ ଏକ “ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ସଂରକ୍ଷଣ ବୋର୍ଡ଼” ଗଠନ କରିଛନ୍ତି ଏବଂ ୧୯୭୨ ମସିହାରେ “ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ସୁରକ୍ଷା ଅଧିନିୟମ” ପ୍ରଣୟନ କରିଛନ୍ତି । ଏହି ଯୋଜନାର ମୁଖ୍ୟ ପ୍ରାବଧାନଗୁଡ଼ିକ ହେଲା:
ଏହି ଯୋଜନା ଅଧୀନରେ ଦେଶର ବିଭିନ୍ନ ଅଞ୍ଚଳରେ ସଂରକ୍ଷିତ ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳ (୧୨ଟି), ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ (୮୯ଟି), ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟ (୪୯୦ଟି) ଏବଂ ପକ୍ଷୀବିହାର ଇତ୍ୟାଦି ସ୍ଥାପନ କରାଯାଇଛି । ଏହା ଏକ ଜାତୀୟ ଯୋଜନା ହେବା ସହିତ ଆନ୍ତର୍ଜାତିକ ସ୍ତରରେ ମଧ୍ୟ ଜାତିସଂଘର ସହାୟତା ମିଳିଥାଏ । ଜନସାଧାରଣଙ୍କ ମଧ୍ୟରେ ସଚେତନତା ସୃଷ୍ଟି କରି ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀଙ୍କ ପ୍ରତି ନିଷ୍ଠୁରତା ବନ୍ଦ କରିବା ମଧ୍ୟ ଏହି ଯୋଜନାର ଏକ ଅଂଶ ।
୯. ଭାରତର ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ ମାନଚିତ୍ରରେ ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳ, ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ ଓ ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟ ଦର୍ଶାଅ ।
ଉତ୍ତର: ଏହି ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ଦେବା ପାଇଁ ଛାତ୍ରଛାତ୍ରୀମାନେ ଭାରତର ଏକ ରାଜନୈତିକ ମାନଚିତ୍ର ନେଇ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖିତ ସ୍ଥାନଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଚିହ୍ନିତ କରିବେ:
୧୦. ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ ମାନଚିତ୍ରରେ ଜୈବମଣ୍ଡଳ, ଜାତୀୟ ଉଦ୍ୟାନ ଓ ଅଭୟାରଣ୍ୟ ଦର୍ଶାଅ ।
ଉତ୍ତର: ଏହି ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ଦେବା ପାଇଁ ଛାତ୍ରଛାତ୍ରୀମାନେ ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ଏକ ରାଜନୈତିକ ମାନଚିତ୍ର ନେଇ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖିତ ସ୍ଥାନଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଚିହ୍ନିତ କରିବେ:
୧୧. ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ ମାନଚିତ୍ରରେ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖୂତ ଅରଣ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଦର୍ଶାଅ ।
ଉତ୍ତର: ଏହି ପ୍ରଶ୍ନର ଉତ୍ତର ଦେବା ପାଇଁ ଛାତ୍ରଛାତ୍ରୀମାନେ ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ଏକ ରାଜନୈତିକ ମାନଚିତ୍ର ନେଇ ନିମ୍ନଲିଖିତ ଅରଣ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଚିହ୍ନିତ କରିବେ:
ତୁମ ପାଇଁ କାମ :
(କ) ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରକାର ପଶୁର ଚିତ୍ର ସଂଗ୍ରହ କରି ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ ଭାରତ ମାନଚିତ୍ରରେ ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଲଗାଅ ।
(ଖ) ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ ଓଡ଼ିଶା ମାନଚିତ୍ରରେ ପଶୁ ପକ୍ଷୀ ଓ ଜଳଚର ଜୀବମାନଙ୍କର ଚିତ୍ର ସଂଗ୍ରହ କରି ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଲଗାଅ ।
(ଗ) ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରକାର ଅରଣ୍ୟରୁ ଗୋଟିଏ ଲେଖାଏଁ ବୃକ୍ଷର ଚିତ୍ର ସଂଗ୍ରହ କରି ଭାରତର ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ ମାନଚିତ୍ର ଉପରେ ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଲଗାଅ ।
(ଘ) ପ୍ରତ୍ୟେକ ପ୍ରକାର ପକ୍ଷୀର ଚିତ୍ର ସଂଗ୍ରହ କରି ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ ଭାରତ ମାନଚିତ୍ରରେ ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଲଗାଅ ।
(ଙ) ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ ଓଡ଼ିଶା ମାନଚିତ୍ରରେ ବୃକ୍ଷର ଚିତ୍ର ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଲଗାଅ ।
(ଚ) ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ ଓଡ଼ିଶା ମାନଚିତ୍ରରେ ପଶୁ ଓ ପକ୍ଷୀର ଚିତ୍ର ସଂଗ୍ରହ କରି ଲଗାଅ ।
ଉତ୍ତର: ଉପରୋକ୍ତ କାର୍ଯ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକ ଛାତ୍ରଛାତ୍ରୀମାନଙ୍କର ବ୍ୟବହାରିକ ଜ୍ଞାନ ବୃଦ୍ଧି ପାଇଁ ଉଦ୍ଦିଷ୍ଟ । ସେମାନେ ପାଠ୍ୟପୁସ୍ତକରେ ଦିଆଯାଇଥିବା ତଥ୍ୟ ଏବଂ ମାନଚିତ୍ରଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ଅନୁସରଣ କରି ବିଭିନ୍ନ ପଶୁ, ପକ୍ଷୀ, ଜଳଚର ଜୀବ, ବୃକ୍ଷ ଏବଂ ଅରଣ୍ୟର ଚିତ୍ର ସଂଗ୍ରହ କରି ଭାରତ ଓ ଓଡ଼ିଶାର ରେଖାଙ୍କିତ ମାନଚିତ୍ରରେ ସେମାନଙ୍କର ବାସସ୍ଥାନ ଅନୁଯାୟୀ ଉପଯୁକ୍ତ ସ୍ଥାନରେ ଲଗାଇବେ । ଏହାଦ୍ୱାରା ସେମାନଙ୍କର ଭୌଗୋଳିକ ଜ୍ଞାନ ଓ ବନ୍ୟପ୍ରାଣୀ ସମ୍ପଦ ବିଷୟରେ ଧାରଣା ସ୍ପଷ୍ଟ ହେବ ।
୪. ବୋର୍ଡ ପରୀକ୍ଷା ମାଷ୍ଟ୍ରି ଟିପ୍ସ ଓ ସାଧାରଣ ଭୁଲ୍ (Board Exam Tips & Pitfalls)
୧. ମୁଖ୍ୟ ତଥ୍ୟଗୁଡ଼ିକୁ ମନେରଖିବା:
୨. ମାନଚିତ୍ର ଅଭ୍ୟାସ:
୩. ଉତ୍ତର ଲେଖିବାର ଶୈଳୀ:
୪. ସାଧାରଣ ଭୁଲ୍ (Common Pitfalls):
୫. ୧୦୦/୧୦୦ ସ୍କୋରିଂ ସିକ୍ରେଟ୍ସ:
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(ନୋଟ୍ସ ପ୍ରସ୍ତୁତି: ଉତ୍କଳ ସ୍କିଲ୍ ସେଣ୍ଟର - BSE Odisha 100% Full Textbook Master Edition)
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